Research Article
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Phrygian Marble in Rome

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 8 - DECEMBER, 195 - 209, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.340899

Abstract

The basic elements of the historical, cultural and geopolitical
structure of a region are closely related with the geographical position of
that region. Geography is the destiny of a country and it determines the
geopolitical power of a nation. The geopolitical position of the states appears
as a determinant factor in their historical role. Asia
Minor is a unique land from which many civilizations emerged and
confronted with each other.
Phrygia, as one of the most important kingdoms of the first half of the 1st millennium B.C.
was located in west-central Anatolia. By means
of its geopolitical position, Phrygia created
an important role for the civilization movement from the  East to 
the West and left a lasting mark on this era. Phrygia,
as a pioneer kingdom, led to the transition of the light in the East to the
West. The art, mind and mythology of the East transferred to the West through
the agency of Phrygia. The richness of Asia Minor has not only been a source of
living for the residents of Asia Minor but it
has also been a colonial target for the occupying forces. Roman Empire became
one of the colonial powers that exploited the natural resources of Asia Minor. Marble is one the natural resorces that was
obtained from Asia Minor by the Roman Empire.
Marble is one of the precious stones that has been preferred in many different
points of life and used as a construction item to show off by the upper- class.
In this context, Phrygia, with its rich source of marble, was an indispensable
region for the decoration of Rome.
The Phrygian marble, called “pavonazetto” or 
“Synnadic” was brought from around the Docimeion and Synnada regions in Phrygia and embedded in Roman monuments.

References

  • Akurgal, E. (1955), Phrygische Kunst, Archaeologisches Institut der Unviersitat Ankara, Ankara.
  • Akyol, Sedat (2006), Phrygia Bölgesinde Ticaret. Master’s Thesis of Pamukkale University Institute of Social Sciences, Denizli.
  • Archambeault, M. J. (2004), Sourcing of Marble Used in Mosaics at Antioch. A Thesis of Master of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida.
  • Barnett, R. D. (1975), “Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age”, Cambridge Ancient History II /30 : 417-433.
  • Blake, M. E. (1947), Ancient Roman Construction in Italy from the Prehistoric Period to Augustus, Washington. D.C. Carnegie Institution.
  • Boardman, J. (1999), The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade (4th edition), London.
  • Braudel, F. (1992), Tarih Üzerine Yazılar (Translated by. M.Ali Kılıçbay), Ankara.
  • Celerier, P. (1985), “Dünya Hakemi Türkiye”, Belgelerle Türk Tarih Dergisi Issue 2, Ankara.
  • Cicero (1908), On Pompei & Apos; Command Albert Curtis Clark (ed) Oxonii. e Typographeo Clarendoniano. Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis.
  • Cox, R. (1990), “A History of Music”, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 48. 4: 395-409.
  • Crawford, O.G.S. (1922), “Prehistoric Geography”, Geographical Review Vol. 12. No. 2. p. 257– 263.
  • Denel, E. (2010), “Ilk Demir Çağı Ekonomi ve Etkileşim”, Arkeo-Atlas Issue. 7. Istanbul.
  • Fant, C. (1984), “Seven Unedited Quarry Inscriptions from Docimium (İscehisar, Turkey)”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Bd. 54. pp. 171-182.
  • Fant, C. (1985), “Four Unfinished Sarcaphagus Lids at Docimium and the Roman Imperial Quarry System in Phrygia”, American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 89. No. 655-672.
  • Fant, C. (1989), “Cavum Antrum Phrygiae The Organization of the Roman Imperial Marble Quarries in Phrygia”, British Archaeological Report International Series. 482.
  • Gilmore, J. E. (1895), “The Early History of Syria and Asia Minor”, The English Historical Review 10:1-18.
  • Greenhalgh, M. (2009), Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building With Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean. Leiden.
  • Head, B. V. (1977), A Manual of Greek Numismatic. London.
  • Herodotos (2002), Herodot Tarihi .(Translated by M. Ökmen), Istanbul.
  • Hirt, A. M. (2010), Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World. New York.
  • Hopkins, K. (1980), “Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 70. 101-125.
  • Hyginus (1960), The Myths of Hyginus. (Trans.Mary Grant), University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies No. 34, Lawrence.
  • Jesus, P. S. (1978), “Metal Resources in Ancient Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies Vol. 28. 97-102.
  • Ketin, I. (1984), Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel Bir Bakış. Istanbul.
  • Koch, G. (2001), Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Lahitleri. (Trans.by Z. Zühre İlkgelen), Istanbul.
  • Magie, D. (2002), Anadolu da Romalılar II: Batı Anadolu ve Zenginlikleri. (Trans. N.Başgelen, Ö.Çapar), Istanbul.
  • Mellink, M. J. (1966), “Anatolia: Old and New Perspectives”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical 110: 2 Archaeology: Horizons New and Old: 111-129.
  • Monroe, J. S. , and Wicander, R. (1997), Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth. Belmont California.
  • Plinius (1855), The Natural History John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.(eds), London.
  • Quenemoen, C. K. (2006), “The Portico of the Danaids: A New Reconstruction”, American Journal of Archeology Vol. 110. No:2, 229-250.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960), Anadolu’nun Tarihi Cografyası. ( Translated by. Mihri Pektas), Istanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1902), “The Geographical Conditions Determining History and Religion in Asia Minor”, The Geographical Journal 20. 3: 257- 275.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1923), “Geography and History in a Phrygo-Pisidian Glen” The Geographical Journal Vol. 61. No. 4. 279-296.
  • Sams, G. Kenneth (1993), “Gordion and the Near East in the Early Phrygian Period”, Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and Its Neighbors. Studies in Honour of Nimet Özgüç, M. J. Mellink (eds), 549-555. Ankara.
  • Sen, D. (1975), Basic Principles of Geopolitics and History. Delhi.
  • Spykman, N. J. (1938), “Geography and Foreign Policy I”, The American Political Science Review 32. 1: 28-50.
  • Strabo (1903), Geography H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A. (eds) London.
  • Suetonius (1889), The Lives of the Twelve Caesars J. Eugene Reed. Alexander Thomson (eds), Chatham.
  • Tibullus (1822), The Elegies of Tibullus: And the Poems of Sulpicia (Translated by James Graingler), Whittingham.
  • Trimble, Jennifer (2011), Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture. New York.
  • Ulmann, B.L. (1936), “The Phrygian Alphabet”, Classical Studies Presented to Edward Capps, Princeton.
  • Voight, M.M. and Henrickson, R. C. (2000), “Formation of the Phrygian State: the Early Iron Age at Gordion”, Anatolian Studies Vol. 50. 37–54.
  • Waelkens, M. (1985), “From a Phrygian Quarry: The Provenance of the Statues of the Dacian Prisoners in Trajan's Forum at Rome”, American Journal of Archeolog, Vol. 89. No. 4. 641-653.
  • Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1951), “Tripolitania and the Marble Trade”, Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 41. Parts 1 and 2: 89-104.
  • Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1992), “Marble in Antiquity: Collected papers of J.B. Ward-Perkins”, Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome No. 6, London.

Roma'da Phryg Mermeri

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 8 - DECEMBER, 195 - 209, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.340899

Abstract

Bir bölgenin tarihi,
kültürel ve coğrafi yapısının temel unsurları, o bölgenin coğrafi konumu ile
yakından ilgilidir. Coğrafya, bir ülkenin kaderidir ve bir ulusun jeopolitik
gücünü belirler. Ülkelerin jeopolitik konumları, ülkelerin tarihsel rollerinde
belirleyici faktör olarak karşımıza çıkar. Küçük Asya, pek çok medeniyetin
ortaya çıktığı ve birbirleriyle karşılaştığı eşsiz bir coğrafyadır. Phrygia, M.Ö. Birinci Bin Yılın ilk yarısında Batı
Anadolu’da ortaya çıkan önemli devletlerden birisidir. Phrygia, sahip olduğu
coğrafi konum sayesinde Doğu’dan Batı’ya hareket eden medeniyet hareketinde önemli bir rol
üstlenmiş ve bu döneme unutulmayacak bir iz bırakmıştır. Öncü bir krallık
olarak ışığın Doğu’dan Batı’ya geçişinde önderlik etmiştir. Doğu’nun sanatı,
zihinsel yapısı ve mitolojisi Batı’ya Phrygia
aracılığıyla intikal etmiştir. Küçük Asya’nın zenginliği, içinde yaşayan
halklara kaynak olmakla kalmayıp, işgalci güçleri cezbeden bir sömürge hedefi
olmuştur. Roma İmparatorluğu da Küçük Asya’nın doğal kaynaklarını kendi
çıkarları doğrultusunda kullanan sömürgeci güçlerden birisi olmuştur. Mermer,
Roma’nın Küçük Asya’dan elde ettiği kaynaklardan birisidir. Hayatın pek çok
noktasında değerli bir taş olarak kullanılan mermer,  üst sınıf insanlar tarafından da inşaat
alanında bir böbürlenme aracı olarak kullanılır. Phrygia
bu bağlamda zengin mermer kaynaklarıyla Roma’nın dekorasyonu için vazgeçilmez
bir bölge olmuştur. “Pavonazetto ya da 
Synnadic” adı verilen Phryg mermerleri Phrygia’nın
Docimeion and Synnada bölgelerinden getirilmiş ve Roma anıtlarında yerini
almıştır.

References

  • Akurgal, E. (1955), Phrygische Kunst, Archaeologisches Institut der Unviersitat Ankara, Ankara.
  • Akyol, Sedat (2006), Phrygia Bölgesinde Ticaret. Master’s Thesis of Pamukkale University Institute of Social Sciences, Denizli.
  • Archambeault, M. J. (2004), Sourcing of Marble Used in Mosaics at Antioch. A Thesis of Master of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida.
  • Barnett, R. D. (1975), “Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age”, Cambridge Ancient History II /30 : 417-433.
  • Blake, M. E. (1947), Ancient Roman Construction in Italy from the Prehistoric Period to Augustus, Washington. D.C. Carnegie Institution.
  • Boardman, J. (1999), The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade (4th edition), London.
  • Braudel, F. (1992), Tarih Üzerine Yazılar (Translated by. M.Ali Kılıçbay), Ankara.
  • Celerier, P. (1985), “Dünya Hakemi Türkiye”, Belgelerle Türk Tarih Dergisi Issue 2, Ankara.
  • Cicero (1908), On Pompei & Apos; Command Albert Curtis Clark (ed) Oxonii. e Typographeo Clarendoniano. Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis.
  • Cox, R. (1990), “A History of Music”, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 48. 4: 395-409.
  • Crawford, O.G.S. (1922), “Prehistoric Geography”, Geographical Review Vol. 12. No. 2. p. 257– 263.
  • Denel, E. (2010), “Ilk Demir Çağı Ekonomi ve Etkileşim”, Arkeo-Atlas Issue. 7. Istanbul.
  • Fant, C. (1984), “Seven Unedited Quarry Inscriptions from Docimium (İscehisar, Turkey)”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Bd. 54. pp. 171-182.
  • Fant, C. (1985), “Four Unfinished Sarcaphagus Lids at Docimium and the Roman Imperial Quarry System in Phrygia”, American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 89. No. 655-672.
  • Fant, C. (1989), “Cavum Antrum Phrygiae The Organization of the Roman Imperial Marble Quarries in Phrygia”, British Archaeological Report International Series. 482.
  • Gilmore, J. E. (1895), “The Early History of Syria and Asia Minor”, The English Historical Review 10:1-18.
  • Greenhalgh, M. (2009), Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building With Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean. Leiden.
  • Head, B. V. (1977), A Manual of Greek Numismatic. London.
  • Herodotos (2002), Herodot Tarihi .(Translated by M. Ökmen), Istanbul.
  • Hirt, A. M. (2010), Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World. New York.
  • Hopkins, K. (1980), “Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 70. 101-125.
  • Hyginus (1960), The Myths of Hyginus. (Trans.Mary Grant), University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies No. 34, Lawrence.
  • Jesus, P. S. (1978), “Metal Resources in Ancient Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies Vol. 28. 97-102.
  • Ketin, I. (1984), Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel Bir Bakış. Istanbul.
  • Koch, G. (2001), Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Lahitleri. (Trans.by Z. Zühre İlkgelen), Istanbul.
  • Magie, D. (2002), Anadolu da Romalılar II: Batı Anadolu ve Zenginlikleri. (Trans. N.Başgelen, Ö.Çapar), Istanbul.
  • Mellink, M. J. (1966), “Anatolia: Old and New Perspectives”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical 110: 2 Archaeology: Horizons New and Old: 111-129.
  • Monroe, J. S. , and Wicander, R. (1997), Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth. Belmont California.
  • Plinius (1855), The Natural History John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.(eds), London.
  • Quenemoen, C. K. (2006), “The Portico of the Danaids: A New Reconstruction”, American Journal of Archeology Vol. 110. No:2, 229-250.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960), Anadolu’nun Tarihi Cografyası. ( Translated by. Mihri Pektas), Istanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1902), “The Geographical Conditions Determining History and Religion in Asia Minor”, The Geographical Journal 20. 3: 257- 275.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1923), “Geography and History in a Phrygo-Pisidian Glen” The Geographical Journal Vol. 61. No. 4. 279-296.
  • Sams, G. Kenneth (1993), “Gordion and the Near East in the Early Phrygian Period”, Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and Its Neighbors. Studies in Honour of Nimet Özgüç, M. J. Mellink (eds), 549-555. Ankara.
  • Sen, D. (1975), Basic Principles of Geopolitics and History. Delhi.
  • Spykman, N. J. (1938), “Geography and Foreign Policy I”, The American Political Science Review 32. 1: 28-50.
  • Strabo (1903), Geography H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A. (eds) London.
  • Suetonius (1889), The Lives of the Twelve Caesars J. Eugene Reed. Alexander Thomson (eds), Chatham.
  • Tibullus (1822), The Elegies of Tibullus: And the Poems of Sulpicia (Translated by James Graingler), Whittingham.
  • Trimble, Jennifer (2011), Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture. New York.
  • Ulmann, B.L. (1936), “The Phrygian Alphabet”, Classical Studies Presented to Edward Capps, Princeton.
  • Voight, M.M. and Henrickson, R. C. (2000), “Formation of the Phrygian State: the Early Iron Age at Gordion”, Anatolian Studies Vol. 50. 37–54.
  • Waelkens, M. (1985), “From a Phrygian Quarry: The Provenance of the Statues of the Dacian Prisoners in Trajan's Forum at Rome”, American Journal of Archeolog, Vol. 89. No. 4. 641-653.
  • Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1951), “Tripolitania and the Marble Trade”, Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 41. Parts 1 and 2: 89-104.
  • Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1992), “Marble in Antiquity: Collected papers of J.B. Ward-Perkins”, Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome No. 6, London.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fatih Mehmet Berk 0000-0003-4176-1781

Publication Date December 15, 2017
Submission Date September 30, 2017
Acceptance Date October 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 8 - DECEMBER

Cite

APA Berk, F. M. (2017). Roma’da Phryg Mermeri. Uluslararası Sosyal Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(8), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.340899

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