Research Article
20. Yüzyıl Başında İran ve Türkiye’deki Finansal Mekanlar: Melli Bankası- Sepah Bankası- Türkiye Merkez Bankası ve Ziraat Bankası Örnekleri
Abstract
19. yüzyıldaki karmaşık sosyo-politik ortamın ardından, modernist ve milliyetçi hareketler 20. yüzyılın başlarında dikkat çekici bir şekilde yükselmeye başlamıştır. Benzer siyasi ve sosyal koşullar bu hareketlerin İran ve Türkiye'yi de güçlü şekilde etkilemesine neden olmuştur. Her iki ülkede de benzer karakterdeki liderler tarafından yönetilen modernist-ulusal hükümetlerce başlatılan çeşitli reformlar, aralarında mimarlığın da bulunduğu farklı alanlarda yeni açılımlar yaratmıştır. Ulusal gücü ve ekonomik bağımsızlığı simgeleyecek yeni yapılara olan ihtiyacı beraberinde getiren ekonomi alanındaki reformlar da bunlardan biridir. Bu nedenle, her iki ülkede de milli yaklaşımlarla birleştirilen modern mimari üslubun önemli örnekleri olacak olan finansal yapıların bu yeni mimari tarzını tasarlamak için dönemin en ünlü mimarları seçilmiştir. Bu çalışma, İran ve Türkiye'deki 20. yüzyıl finansal yapılarının mimarisini incelemeyi, bu dönemde her iki ülkede de milliyetçilik ve modernleşmeden etkilenen mimari ideolojiler hakkında bilgi edinmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, dönemin önemli banka yapılarından olan Vartan Hovanessian tarafından tasarlanan Sepah Bankaları, Mohsen Foroughi tarafından tasarlanan Melli Bankaları, Clemens Holzmeister tarafından tasarlanan Merkez Bankası Binası ve Giulio Mongeri tarafından tasarlanan Ziraat Bankaları incelenmek üzere örnek olarak seçilmiştir.
Keywords
References
- Akhgar, P. (2018, July, 4-7). The ecole des beaux-arts and the advent of modern architecture in interwar Iran. [Paper Presentation]. 35th annual conference of the society of architectural historians of Australia and New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. https://www.sahanz.net/wp-content/uploads/SAHANZ18_paper_Akhgar.pdf
- Akşit, Ş. S. (2010). Ulusalcı mimarlık ve başkentte finans merkezi: Ankara İş Bankası genel müdürlüğü (Publication No. 269171) [Master’s thesis, Gazi University]. Thesis Center.
- Architecthaye ma ra beshnasid: Mohsen Forough. (1948). Arkitekt, (6), 213-219.
- Archive.org (2008, March 3). Tarikhcheye taasis-e Bank-e Melli İran. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303110041/https://bmi.ir//Fa/bmihistory.aspx?smnuid=10
- Arts and Culture. (n.d.). Osmanlı Bankası Müzesi̇ kuruluşu ve zor yıllar. https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/osmanli-bankasi-m%C3%BCzesi%CC%87-kurulu%C5%9F-ve-zor-yillar-salt/QQnLUDFI?hl=tr
- Ballice, G. & Karabağ Aydeniz, N. E. (2016). The contribution of German architects to the Turkish architectural culture in the early republican period: an evaluation through Clemens Holzmeister. In P. Yildiz (Ed.), 1st international symposium 'education in interior architecture' in the year of German – Turkish research, education and innovation (pp. 104-116). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-8940-7-sample.pdf
- Bank-e Melli Iran naghashi dar 1307. (2008, November 7). In Wikipedia https://bit.ly/3ehC0oQ
- Bozdoğan, S. (1996). Vernacular Architecture and Identity Politics: The Case of the “Turkish House.”. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 7(2), 7–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41757194
- Çinici, D. (2015). Başkent Ankara’nın inşasında etkin bir mimar: Giulio Mongeri ve yaşam öyküsü. Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-41 https://jag.journalagent.com/jas/pdfs/JAS_3_1_13_41.pdf
- Clay, C. G. A. (2000). Gold for the Sultan, western bankers and Ottoman finance, 1856-1881. I.B. Tauris.
- Contemporary Architecture of Iran. (2019, October 19). Melli Bank Tehran Bazzar Branch. http://caoi.ir/en/projects/item/375-melli-bank-tehran-bazzar-branch.html
- Contemporary Architecture of Iran. (2021, June 11). Vartan Hovanesian. http://www.caoi.ir/en/projects/item/636-vartan-hovanesian.html
- Daneshvar Rouyandozagh, Y. (2020). Modernizm ve İran konutlarının dönüşümü (1870-1979). İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 283-314. https://doi:10.33201/iranian.821203
- Die Bühne. (1937). Neugesstaltung des Festspielhauses, [ANNO Historische Zeitungen und Zeitschriften] 451. 38-40 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=bue&datum=1937&page=847&size=45
- Elhan, N. (2019). Pehleviler dönemi’nde İran’da ulus-devlet: Milli kimlik ve geleneğin icadı. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi. 3(2), 13-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iranian/article/630767
- Ergut, E. A. (2005). Ankara ‘Bankalar Caddesi’ ve ötesi. In TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Bülten-Mimarlar Odası Ankara Şubesi. (31), 28-30. Matsa Publication. https://www.academia.edu/38338510/Ankara_Bankalar_Caddesi_ve_%C3%96tesi
- Erkmen, E. (2003). Clemens Holzmeister mimarlığı. Tasarım ve Kuram Dergisi, 2(3), 57-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tasarimkuram/issue/22537/240835
- Farahani, M. (2015, 23 August). Negahi be Bank-e Melli dar 87 salegi. http://naghdineh.com/page/9616
- Fasoli, V. (2017). Giulio Mongeri Edoardo De Nari and the “Societâ Anonima Ottomana Costruzioni (S.A.O.C.). In P. Girardelli & E. Godoli (Eds.), Italian architects and builders in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey: Design across borders (pp. 213-227). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Frye, R. N., & Marefat, M. (2012). Forugi Mohsen. In Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://iranicaonline.org/articles/forugi-mohsen#prettyPhoto[content]/0/
- Ghanadi Maragheh, F. (2021). 20. yüzyıl başı Türkiye ve İran mimarisinde modern ve milli kavramlarının incelenmesi (Publication No. 674986) [Master’s thesis, Akdeniz University]. Thesis Center.
- Gilbar G.G. (2012). The Qadi, the big merchant and forbidden Interest (ribā), British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39(1), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2012.659441
- Goethe-Institut. (2010). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası. https://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/ank/prj/urs/geb/ban/zen/trindex.htm
- Grigor, T. (2005). Cultivat(ing) modernities: The society for national heritage, political propaganda, and public architecture in twentieth-century Iran (Publication No. 59671153) [Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. DSpace@MIT. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/28748
- Hamshahri Online. (2012, June 7). Ashnayi ba Bank-e Melli Iran. https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/173264
- Hornstein-Rabinovitch, S. (1990). Architecture on the edge: Stephen Sauvestre, the ecole centrale d'architecture, and marginalist practice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 7(3), 209-221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40117231
- Hovanessian, V. (1946). Masaele memari dar Iran. Arkitekt, (3). 90.
- İpek, N. (2011). Selanik ve İstanbul’da seçkin Yahudi bankerler (1850–1908) (Publication No. 287753) [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul University]. Thesis Center.
- Jones, G. (1986). Banking and empire in Iran: The history of the British bank of the middle east. Cambridge University Press.
- Koyuncu, P. (2010, August 25). Geçmişin modern mimarlığı - 8: Ankara-1. Arkitera. https://v3.arkitera.com/h56097-gecmisin-modern-mimarligi---8-ankara-1.html
- Mimar Gözünden Ankara. (2016, May 1). Modern Ankara'yı taçlandıran mimarlar (1): Clemens Holzmeister. http://mimargozundenankara.weebly.com/
- Moghaddasi, A., Moghaddasi, M., & Khalilabad, H. (2020). Mohsen Foroughi (1907–1983): thoughts and sustainibility in the works of an Iranian modernist architect. Architecture and Engineering, 5(4), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-4-28-34
- Pamuk, S. (1988). Review: The history of the British bank of the middle east. by Geoffrey Jones. vol. 1: banking and empire in Iran. vol. 2: banking and oil. The Journal of Economic History, 48(4), 953-954. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700006975
- Payju. (2019, April 21). Bankhaye Khiaban-e Zand. https://bit.ly/3ySFJ5v
- Pıçak, M., Süloğlu, D., & Eker, A. (2018). Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Türkiye İş bankası’nın kuruluşu ve ekonomiye etkisi. In S. Koç, S. Yılmaz Genç, & K. Çolak (Eds.), Dünden Bugüne Ekonomi Yazıları (pp. 140-161). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Vakfı Yayınları. https://www.academia.edu/34779807/D%C3%BCnden_Bug%C3%BCne_Ekonomi_Yaz%C4%B1lar%C4%B1
- Saban, D. (2019a). An architectural examination of early bank buildings in Turkey. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 5(03), 493-503. http://www.universitypublications.net/hssr/0503/html/V6Z327.xml
- Saban, D. (2019b). Cumhuriyet dönemi mimarliği: Giulio Mongeri’nin Anadolu’daki izleri: Ziraat bankası şube binaları. Mimarlık, (405), 73-77. http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4626
- Şener, M. (2016). Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Ziraat Bankası ve İş Bankası hizmet binaları: ‘milli mimarlık’ ve banka yapıları. Tarih ve Uygarlık-İstanbul Journal, 1(9), 205-225. https://avesis.kocaeli.edu.tr/yayin/88395b8d-a50c-4866-a89c-2f7358f26d17/cumhuriyetin-ilk-yillarinda-ziraat-bankasi-ve-is-bankasi-hizmet-binalari-milli-mimarlik-ve-banka-yapilari
- Soroushiani, S., Daniel, V., & Shafei, B. (2008). Architecture of changing times in Iran: Vartan Hovanessian architecture. Did Publications.
- Starcephe. (n.d.). Mimar Guilio Mongeri ve Majik sinemasi hakkında bir özet. http://www.starcephe.com/guilio_mongeri.html
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası. (2018). Türkiye cumhuriyet merkez bankası: Tarihçesi ve görevleri. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/e6ccf55f-b2ac-4153-8d5a-c7ba61afa053/TCMB+TK+BASKI+WEB.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
- Ünay, S. (2010). Uluslararasi sistem ve iç dönüşüm: Osmanlıdan cumhuriyete Türkiye'nin kalkınma sorunsalı. Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (45), 109-131. http://dspace.balikesir.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12462/4965
The Spaces of Finance in Iran and Turkey at the beginning of the 20th Century: The Cases of Melli Bank, the Sepah Bank, Turkish Central Bank, and the Ziraat Bank
Abstract
After the complex socio-political environment of the 19th century, modernist and nationalist movements began to rise significantly at the beginning of the following century. In Iran and Turkey, similar political and social circumstances caused these movements to operate boldly. Various reforms initiated by national-cum-modern governments led by comparable leaders in both countries, started new chapters in different fields in their countries; architecture was among them. Financial reforms were one of these which brought the need for new financial buildings to symbolize the national power and economical independence. Therefore, in both countries, the most famous architects of the period were chosen to design the new style of financial buildings which were going to be the important examples of the modern architectural style combined with the nationalist approach. This study aims to examine the architecture of the 20th-century financial structures in Iran and Turkey, to obtain information about the architectural ideologies affected by nationalism and modernization in both countries during this period. For this purpose, the case studies were selected among the significant financial buildings of the period such as Sepah Bank by Vartan Hovanessian, Melli Bank by Mohsen Foroughi, Turkish Central Bank by Clemens Holzmeister, and Ziraat Bank by Giulio Mongeri.
References
- Akhgar, P. (2018, July, 4-7). The ecole des beaux-arts and the advent of modern architecture in interwar Iran. [Paper Presentation]. 35th annual conference of the society of architectural historians of Australia and New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. https://www.sahanz.net/wp-content/uploads/SAHANZ18_paper_Akhgar.pdf
- Akşit, Ş. S. (2010). Ulusalcı mimarlık ve başkentte finans merkezi: Ankara İş Bankası genel müdürlüğü (Publication No. 269171) [Master’s thesis, Gazi University]. Thesis Center.
- Architecthaye ma ra beshnasid: Mohsen Forough. (1948). Arkitekt, (6), 213-219.
- Archive.org (2008, March 3). Tarikhcheye taasis-e Bank-e Melli İran. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303110041/https://bmi.ir//Fa/bmihistory.aspx?smnuid=10
- Arts and Culture. (n.d.). Osmanlı Bankası Müzesi̇ kuruluşu ve zor yıllar. https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/osmanli-bankasi-m%C3%BCzesi%CC%87-kurulu%C5%9F-ve-zor-yillar-salt/QQnLUDFI?hl=tr
- Ballice, G. & Karabağ Aydeniz, N. E. (2016). The contribution of German architects to the Turkish architectural culture in the early republican period: an evaluation through Clemens Holzmeister. In P. Yildiz (Ed.), 1st international symposium 'education in interior architecture' in the year of German – Turkish research, education and innovation (pp. 104-116). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-8940-7-sample.pdf
- Bank-e Melli Iran naghashi dar 1307. (2008, November 7). In Wikipedia https://bit.ly/3ehC0oQ
- Bozdoğan, S. (1996). Vernacular Architecture and Identity Politics: The Case of the “Turkish House.”. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 7(2), 7–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41757194
- Çinici, D. (2015). Başkent Ankara’nın inşasında etkin bir mimar: Giulio Mongeri ve yaşam öyküsü. Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-41 https://jag.journalagent.com/jas/pdfs/JAS_3_1_13_41.pdf
- Clay, C. G. A. (2000). Gold for the Sultan, western bankers and Ottoman finance, 1856-1881. I.B. Tauris.
- Contemporary Architecture of Iran. (2019, October 19). Melli Bank Tehran Bazzar Branch. http://caoi.ir/en/projects/item/375-melli-bank-tehran-bazzar-branch.html
- Contemporary Architecture of Iran. (2021, June 11). Vartan Hovanesian. http://www.caoi.ir/en/projects/item/636-vartan-hovanesian.html
- Daneshvar Rouyandozagh, Y. (2020). Modernizm ve İran konutlarının dönüşümü (1870-1979). İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 283-314. https://doi:10.33201/iranian.821203
- Die Bühne. (1937). Neugesstaltung des Festspielhauses, [ANNO Historische Zeitungen und Zeitschriften] 451. 38-40 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=bue&datum=1937&page=847&size=45
- Elhan, N. (2019). Pehleviler dönemi’nde İran’da ulus-devlet: Milli kimlik ve geleneğin icadı. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi. 3(2), 13-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iranian/article/630767
- Ergut, E. A. (2005). Ankara ‘Bankalar Caddesi’ ve ötesi. In TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Bülten-Mimarlar Odası Ankara Şubesi. (31), 28-30. Matsa Publication. https://www.academia.edu/38338510/Ankara_Bankalar_Caddesi_ve_%C3%96tesi
- Erkmen, E. (2003). Clemens Holzmeister mimarlığı. Tasarım ve Kuram Dergisi, 2(3), 57-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tasarimkuram/issue/22537/240835
- Farahani, M. (2015, 23 August). Negahi be Bank-e Melli dar 87 salegi. http://naghdineh.com/page/9616
- Fasoli, V. (2017). Giulio Mongeri Edoardo De Nari and the “Societâ Anonima Ottomana Costruzioni (S.A.O.C.). In P. Girardelli & E. Godoli (Eds.), Italian architects and builders in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey: Design across borders (pp. 213-227). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Frye, R. N., & Marefat, M. (2012). Forugi Mohsen. In Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://iranicaonline.org/articles/forugi-mohsen#prettyPhoto[content]/0/
- Ghanadi Maragheh, F. (2021). 20. yüzyıl başı Türkiye ve İran mimarisinde modern ve milli kavramlarının incelenmesi (Publication No. 674986) [Master’s thesis, Akdeniz University]. Thesis Center.
- Gilbar G.G. (2012). The Qadi, the big merchant and forbidden Interest (ribā), British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39(1), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2012.659441
- Goethe-Institut. (2010). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası. https://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/ank/prj/urs/geb/ban/zen/trindex.htm
- Grigor, T. (2005). Cultivat(ing) modernities: The society for national heritage, political propaganda, and public architecture in twentieth-century Iran (Publication No. 59671153) [Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. DSpace@MIT. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/28748
- Hamshahri Online. (2012, June 7). Ashnayi ba Bank-e Melli Iran. https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/173264
- Hornstein-Rabinovitch, S. (1990). Architecture on the edge: Stephen Sauvestre, the ecole centrale d'architecture, and marginalist practice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 7(3), 209-221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40117231
- Hovanessian, V. (1946). Masaele memari dar Iran. Arkitekt, (3). 90.
- İpek, N. (2011). Selanik ve İstanbul’da seçkin Yahudi bankerler (1850–1908) (Publication No. 287753) [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul University]. Thesis Center.
- Jones, G. (1986). Banking and empire in Iran: The history of the British bank of the middle east. Cambridge University Press.
- Koyuncu, P. (2010, August 25). Geçmişin modern mimarlığı - 8: Ankara-1. Arkitera. https://v3.arkitera.com/h56097-gecmisin-modern-mimarligi---8-ankara-1.html
- Mimar Gözünden Ankara. (2016, May 1). Modern Ankara'yı taçlandıran mimarlar (1): Clemens Holzmeister. http://mimargozundenankara.weebly.com/
- Moghaddasi, A., Moghaddasi, M., & Khalilabad, H. (2020). Mohsen Foroughi (1907–1983): thoughts and sustainibility in the works of an Iranian modernist architect. Architecture and Engineering, 5(4), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-4-28-34
- Pamuk, S. (1988). Review: The history of the British bank of the middle east. by Geoffrey Jones. vol. 1: banking and empire in Iran. vol. 2: banking and oil. The Journal of Economic History, 48(4), 953-954. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700006975
- Payju. (2019, April 21). Bankhaye Khiaban-e Zand. https://bit.ly/3ySFJ5v
- Pıçak, M., Süloğlu, D., & Eker, A. (2018). Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Türkiye İş bankası’nın kuruluşu ve ekonomiye etkisi. In S. Koç, S. Yılmaz Genç, & K. Çolak (Eds.), Dünden Bugüne Ekonomi Yazıları (pp. 140-161). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Vakfı Yayınları. https://www.academia.edu/34779807/D%C3%BCnden_Bug%C3%BCne_Ekonomi_Yaz%C4%B1lar%C4%B1
- Saban, D. (2019a). An architectural examination of early bank buildings in Turkey. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 5(03), 493-503. http://www.universitypublications.net/hssr/0503/html/V6Z327.xml
- Saban, D. (2019b). Cumhuriyet dönemi mimarliği: Giulio Mongeri’nin Anadolu’daki izleri: Ziraat bankası şube binaları. Mimarlık, (405), 73-77. http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4626
- Şener, M. (2016). Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Ziraat Bankası ve İş Bankası hizmet binaları: ‘milli mimarlık’ ve banka yapıları. Tarih ve Uygarlık-İstanbul Journal, 1(9), 205-225. https://avesis.kocaeli.edu.tr/yayin/88395b8d-a50c-4866-a89c-2f7358f26d17/cumhuriyetin-ilk-yillarinda-ziraat-bankasi-ve-is-bankasi-hizmet-binalari-milli-mimarlik-ve-banka-yapilari
- Soroushiani, S., Daniel, V., & Shafei, B. (2008). Architecture of changing times in Iran: Vartan Hovanessian architecture. Did Publications.
- Starcephe. (n.d.). Mimar Guilio Mongeri ve Majik sinemasi hakkında bir özet. http://www.starcephe.com/guilio_mongeri.html
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası. (2018). Türkiye cumhuriyet merkez bankası: Tarihçesi ve görevleri. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/e6ccf55f-b2ac-4153-8d5a-c7ba61afa053/TCMB+TK+BASKI+WEB.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
- Ünay, S. (2010). Uluslararasi sistem ve iç dönüşüm: Osmanlıdan cumhuriyete Türkiye'nin kalkınma sorunsalı. Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (45), 109-131. http://dspace.balikesir.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12462/4965
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 |
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