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Yasaklı Bitkiden Potansiyel Bir Hazineye Doğru: Samsun, Amasya ve Tokat İllerinde Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L. hemp) Yetiştiriciliğinin Best-Worst Yöntemiyle Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 427 - 452, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1298715

Öz

Neolitik dönemde tarımın keşfedilmesiyle birlikte kültür altına alınan ve medeniyetlerin gelişmesinde son derece önemli bir paya sahip olan kenevir, zengin lif içeriğiyle pek çok alanda kullanılabilmesine rağmen THC oranı yüksek olan kenevir türünün (marijuana) yasa dışı uyuşturucu olarak kullanılması sebebiyle Dünya’nın en şüpheyle yaklaşılan bitkisi haline gelmiştir. Endüstriyel kenevir olarak da bilinen kenevir türü (hemp) ekolojik olarak çevreye olumlu etkilerinden ve yüksek ekonomik getirisinden dolayı ülkemizde bazı alanlarda izinli olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Kenevirin ekonomik getirisi ve 25.000 farklı ürünün ham maddesi olması dolayısıyla ülkemizde kenevir yetiştiriciliği teşvik edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, Samsun, Amasya ve Tokat illerinde kenevir yetiştiriciliği için uygun sahaların tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bitkinin ekolojik istekleriyle sahanın ekolojik koşulları Best-worst yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar haritalanarak çalışma sahasındaki tarım alanlarının %22-29’unun kenevir tarımına uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, pek çok açıdan sürdürülebilirliğe katkısı olacak kenevirin tanıtılmasını ve yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaşmasını sağlamak açısından önemlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Abel, E. L. (1980). Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2189-5
  • Acar, M., Dönmez, A. (2016). Kenevire farklı bir bakış. 2. Ulusal Biyoyakıtlar Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (Vol. 14, Issue January). Erol Ofset Matbaacılık.
  • Aksoy, D., Aytaç, S., Paslı, R. (2019). Endüstriyel Kenevir Gerçeği. 2. Uluslararası 19 Mayıs Yenilikçi Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar Kongresi, December, (s.850–858).
  • Aldrich, M. (1997). History of Therapeutic Cannabis. In Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana (1st ed., Issue 6, pp. 35–55). McFarland ve Co.
  • Artamonov, M. I. (1965). Frozen Tombs of the Scythians. Scientific American, 212 (5), 100–109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931880 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Aydın, M. (2019). Önsöz. Endüstriyel Kenevir Forumu I-II içinde, Şükrü Karataş (Ed.), İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi. https://www.aydin.edu.tr/tr-tr/arastirma/universite-yayinlari/Documents/I. VE II. ENDUSTRIYEL KENEVIR FORUMU KITAP.PDF adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Aydoğan, M., Terzi, Y. E., Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Esen, A., Meral, H. (2020). Türkiye’de kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliği: Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesi örneği. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 35, 35–50. doi:10.7161/omuanajas.602585
  • Aytaç, S., Arslanoğlu, S. F., Ayan, A. K. (2018). High-Temperature İnhibition Of Seed Germination Of Hemp (Cannabis sp.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27 (12), 8200–8204.
  • Başer, U., Bozoğlu, M. (2020). Türkiye’nin Kenevir Politikası ve Piyasasına Bir Bakış. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (2), 127–135. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tead/issue/58252/841625 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Bennett, C. (2010). Cannabis and the Soma Solution. TrineDay LLC.
  • Bocsa, I., Karus, M. (1998). The Cultivation of Hemp: Botany, Varieties, Cultivation and Harvesting (1st ed.). Hemptech.
  • Boyce, S. S. (2021). Hemp (Cannabis Sativa): A Practical Treatise on the Culture of Hemp for Seed and Fiber, With a Sketch of the History and Nature of the Hemp Plant (1st ed.). Legare Street Press.
  • Chang, K. (1986). The Archaeology of Ancient China (4th ed.). Yale University Press.
  • Clarke, R. C., Merlin, M. D. (2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany (1st ed.). University of California Press.
  • Coşkun, R., Yalçın, O., Okutan, M. (2023). Investigation of capacitors and electrical circuit elements performance of magnetic biocomposites prepared by using the hemp biomass. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 296 (June 2022). doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127171
  • De Candolle, A. (2014). Origin of Cultivated Plants. D. Appleton and Company.
  • de Sousa, L., Poggio, L., Batjes, N. H., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., Rossiter, D. (2020). ISRIC Data Hub. SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for the Globe. Under Submission to SOIL.
  • Ecer, F. (2021). Sustainability assessment of existing onshore wind plants in the context of triple bottom line: A best-worst method (BWM) based MCDM framework. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 (16), 19677–19693. doi:10.1007/S11356-020-11940-4/FIGURES/4
  • Elfordy, S., Lucas, F., Tancret, F., Scudeller, Y., Goudet, L. (2008). Mechanical and thermal properties of lime and hemp concrete (“hempcrete”) manufactured by a projection process. Construction and Building Materials, 22 (10), 2116–2123. doi:10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2007.07.016
  • Everest, T., Sungur, A., Özcan, H. (2022). Applying the best–worst method for land evaluation: A Case study for paddy cultivation in Northwest Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19 (4), 3233–3246. doi:10.1007/S13762-021-03373-4/TABLES/8
  • Fick, S. E., Hijmans, R. J. (2017). Worldclim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37 (12), 4302–4315. doi:10.1002/joc.5086
  • Fleming, M. P., Clarke, R. C. (1998). Physical evidence for the antiquity of cannabis sativa l. (cannabaceae). Journal of the International Hemp Association, 5 (2), 80–92.
  • Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S. (2019). Kenevir Tarımı. http://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Godwin, H. (1967). The Ancient cultivation of hemp. Antiquity, 41 (161), 42–49. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00038928
  • Hancock, J. F. (2012). Origins of Agriculture. Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species: Third Edition (Third edition). 99-113. CABI Publishing. eISBN : 978-1-78064-142-3
  • Haney, A., Bazzaz, F. A. (1970). Some Ecological Implications Of The Distribution Of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the United States of America. In J. R. B. Joyce (Ed.), Botany and Chemistry of Cannabis. J. ve A. Churchill. doi:10.3/JQUERY-UI.JS
  • Haney, A., Kutscheid, B. B. (1975). An ecological study of naturalized hemp (cannabis sativa l.) in East-Central Illinois. American Midland Naturalist, 93 (1), 1. doi:10.2307/2424101
  • Hashemizadeh, A., Ju, Y., Dong, P. (2020). A combined geographical information system and best–worst method approach for site selection for photovoltaic power plant projects. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17 (4), 2027–2042. doi:10.1007/S13762-019-02598-8/TABLES/6
  • Jiang, H. E., Li, X., Zhao, Y. X., Ferguson, D. K., Hueber, F., Bera, S., Wang, Y. F., Zhao, L. C., Liu, C. J., Li, C. Sen. (2006). A new insight into cannabis sativa (cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108 (3), 414–422. doi:10.1016/J.JEP.2006.05.034
  • Karus, M., Vogt, D. (2004). European Hemp industry: Cultivation, processing and product lines. Euphytica, 140 (1–2), 7–12. doi:10.1007/S10681-004-4810-7/METRICS
  • Kaya, S., Öner, E. (2020). Kenevir liflerinin eldesi, karakteristik özellikleri ve tekstil endüstrisindeki uygulamaları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (1), 108–123. doi:10.29048/makufebed.693406
  • Kurtuldu, E., Erdem İşmal, Ö. (2019). Sürdürülebilir tekstil tasarım ve üretiminde yeniden değer kazanan lif: Kenevir. SDÜ Art-e Sanat Dergisi, 12 (24), 694–718. doi:10.21602/sduarte.624485
  • Li, H. L. (1973). An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China. Economic Botany, 28 (4), 437–448. doi:10.1007/BF02862859
  • Martin, M. A. (1975). Ethnobotanical Aspects Of Cannabis İn Southeast Asia. In Cannabis and Culture Vera Rubin (Ed.), (63–75). New York: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110812060.63
  • MGM. (2023). Samsun-Amasya-Tokat İllerinin Uzun Yıllara Ait Meteoroloji Bültenleri. Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023. URL: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=SAMSUN, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=AMASYA, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=TOKAT
  • Mi, X., Tang, M., Liao, H., Shen, W., Lev, B. (2019). The state-of-the-art survey on integrations and applications of the best worst method in decision making: Why, what, what for and what’s next? Omega (United Kingdom), 87, 205–225. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2019.01.009
  • Pamucar, D., Gigovic, L., Bajic, Z., Janoševic, M. (2017). Location selection for wind farms using GIS multi-criteria hybrid model: An approach based on fuzzy and rough numbers. Sustainability, 9 (8), 1315. doi:10.3390/SU9081315
  • Piomelli, D., Russo, E. B. (2016). The cannabis sativa versus cannabis indica debate: An interview with Ethan Russo, MD. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1 (1), 44–46. doi:10.1089/CAN.2015.29003.EBR
  • Rezaei, J. (2015). Best-Worst multi-criteria decision-making method. Omega (United Kingdom), 53, 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009
  • Rezaei, J. (2016). Best-Worst multi-criteria decision-making method: Some properties and a linear model. Omega (United Kingdom), 64, 126–130. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2015.12.001
  • Russo, E. B., Jiang, H. E., Li, X., Sutton, A., Carboni, A., Del Bianco, F., Mandolino, G., Potter, D. J., Zhao, Y. X., Bera, S., Zhang, Y. B., Lü, E. G., Ferguson, D. K., Hueber, F., Zhao, L. C., Liu, C. J., Wang, Y. F., ve Li, C. Sen. (2008). Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59 (15), 4171. doi:10.1093/JXB/ERN260
  • Salentijn, E. M. J., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M., Trindade, L. M. (2015). New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa l.) breeding. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 32–41. doi:10.1016/J.INDCROP.2014.08.011
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From a Forbidden Plant to a Potential Treasure: Analysis of Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L. hemp) Cultivation in Samsun, Amasya and Tokat Provinces by Best-Worst Method

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 427 - 452, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1298715

Öz

Cannabis, which was cultivated with the discovery of agriculture in the Neolithic period and has an extremely important share in the development of civilizations, can be used in many areas with its rich fiber content, but it is the most suspicious plant in the world due to the use of cannabis with high THC content (marijuana) became an illegal drug. Cannabis type (hemp), also known as industrial cannabis, is cultivated with permission in some areas in Türkiye due to its ecologically positive effects on the environment and high economic returns. Also, 25,000 different products produced by using cannabis. In this study, it was aimed to determine suitable fields for cannabis cultivation in Samsun, Amasya and Tokat provinces. For this purpose, the ecological demands of the plant and the ecological conditions of the field were analyzed with the Best-worst method and the results were mapped and it was determined that 22-29% of the agricultural areas in the study area are suitable for hemp cultivation. This study is important in terms of promoting cannabis, which will contribute to sustainability in many ways, and making its cultivation widespread

Kaynakça

  • Abel, E. L. (1980). Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2189-5
  • Acar, M., Dönmez, A. (2016). Kenevire farklı bir bakış. 2. Ulusal Biyoyakıtlar Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (Vol. 14, Issue January). Erol Ofset Matbaacılık.
  • Aksoy, D., Aytaç, S., Paslı, R. (2019). Endüstriyel Kenevir Gerçeği. 2. Uluslararası 19 Mayıs Yenilikçi Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar Kongresi, December, (s.850–858).
  • Aldrich, M. (1997). History of Therapeutic Cannabis. In Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana (1st ed., Issue 6, pp. 35–55). McFarland ve Co.
  • Artamonov, M. I. (1965). Frozen Tombs of the Scythians. Scientific American, 212 (5), 100–109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931880 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Aydın, M. (2019). Önsöz. Endüstriyel Kenevir Forumu I-II içinde, Şükrü Karataş (Ed.), İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi. https://www.aydin.edu.tr/tr-tr/arastirma/universite-yayinlari/Documents/I. VE II. ENDUSTRIYEL KENEVIR FORUMU KITAP.PDF adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Aydoğan, M., Terzi, Y. E., Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Esen, A., Meral, H. (2020). Türkiye’de kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliği: Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesi örneği. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 35, 35–50. doi:10.7161/omuanajas.602585
  • Aytaç, S., Arslanoğlu, S. F., Ayan, A. K. (2018). High-Temperature İnhibition Of Seed Germination Of Hemp (Cannabis sp.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27 (12), 8200–8204.
  • Başer, U., Bozoğlu, M. (2020). Türkiye’nin Kenevir Politikası ve Piyasasına Bir Bakış. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (2), 127–135. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tead/issue/58252/841625 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Bennett, C. (2010). Cannabis and the Soma Solution. TrineDay LLC.
  • Bocsa, I., Karus, M. (1998). The Cultivation of Hemp: Botany, Varieties, Cultivation and Harvesting (1st ed.). Hemptech.
  • Boyce, S. S. (2021). Hemp (Cannabis Sativa): A Practical Treatise on the Culture of Hemp for Seed and Fiber, With a Sketch of the History and Nature of the Hemp Plant (1st ed.). Legare Street Press.
  • Chang, K. (1986). The Archaeology of Ancient China (4th ed.). Yale University Press.
  • Clarke, R. C., Merlin, M. D. (2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany (1st ed.). University of California Press.
  • Coşkun, R., Yalçın, O., Okutan, M. (2023). Investigation of capacitors and electrical circuit elements performance of magnetic biocomposites prepared by using the hemp biomass. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 296 (June 2022). doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127171
  • De Candolle, A. (2014). Origin of Cultivated Plants. D. Appleton and Company.
  • de Sousa, L., Poggio, L., Batjes, N. H., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., Rossiter, D. (2020). ISRIC Data Hub. SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Quality-Assessed Soil Information for the Globe. Under Submission to SOIL.
  • Ecer, F. (2021). Sustainability assessment of existing onshore wind plants in the context of triple bottom line: A best-worst method (BWM) based MCDM framework. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 (16), 19677–19693. doi:10.1007/S11356-020-11940-4/FIGURES/4
  • Elfordy, S., Lucas, F., Tancret, F., Scudeller, Y., Goudet, L. (2008). Mechanical and thermal properties of lime and hemp concrete (“hempcrete”) manufactured by a projection process. Construction and Building Materials, 22 (10), 2116–2123. doi:10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2007.07.016
  • Everest, T., Sungur, A., Özcan, H. (2022). Applying the best–worst method for land evaluation: A Case study for paddy cultivation in Northwest Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19 (4), 3233–3246. doi:10.1007/S13762-021-03373-4/TABLES/8
  • Fick, S. E., Hijmans, R. J. (2017). Worldclim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37 (12), 4302–4315. doi:10.1002/joc.5086
  • Fleming, M. P., Clarke, R. C. (1998). Physical evidence for the antiquity of cannabis sativa l. (cannabaceae). Journal of the International Hemp Association, 5 (2), 80–92.
  • Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S. (2019). Kenevir Tarımı. http://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Godwin, H. (1967). The Ancient cultivation of hemp. Antiquity, 41 (161), 42–49. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00038928
  • Hancock, J. F. (2012). Origins of Agriculture. Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species: Third Edition (Third edition). 99-113. CABI Publishing. eISBN : 978-1-78064-142-3
  • Haney, A., Bazzaz, F. A. (1970). Some Ecological Implications Of The Distribution Of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the United States of America. In J. R. B. Joyce (Ed.), Botany and Chemistry of Cannabis. J. ve A. Churchill. doi:10.3/JQUERY-UI.JS
  • Haney, A., Kutscheid, B. B. (1975). An ecological study of naturalized hemp (cannabis sativa l.) in East-Central Illinois. American Midland Naturalist, 93 (1), 1. doi:10.2307/2424101
  • Hashemizadeh, A., Ju, Y., Dong, P. (2020). A combined geographical information system and best–worst method approach for site selection for photovoltaic power plant projects. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17 (4), 2027–2042. doi:10.1007/S13762-019-02598-8/TABLES/6
  • Jiang, H. E., Li, X., Zhao, Y. X., Ferguson, D. K., Hueber, F., Bera, S., Wang, Y. F., Zhao, L. C., Liu, C. J., Li, C. Sen. (2006). A new insight into cannabis sativa (cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108 (3), 414–422. doi:10.1016/J.JEP.2006.05.034
  • Karus, M., Vogt, D. (2004). European Hemp industry: Cultivation, processing and product lines. Euphytica, 140 (1–2), 7–12. doi:10.1007/S10681-004-4810-7/METRICS
  • Kaya, S., Öner, E. (2020). Kenevir liflerinin eldesi, karakteristik özellikleri ve tekstil endüstrisindeki uygulamaları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (1), 108–123. doi:10.29048/makufebed.693406
  • Kurtuldu, E., Erdem İşmal, Ö. (2019). Sürdürülebilir tekstil tasarım ve üretiminde yeniden değer kazanan lif: Kenevir. SDÜ Art-e Sanat Dergisi, 12 (24), 694–718. doi:10.21602/sduarte.624485
  • Li, H. L. (1973). An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China. Economic Botany, 28 (4), 437–448. doi:10.1007/BF02862859
  • Martin, M. A. (1975). Ethnobotanical Aspects Of Cannabis İn Southeast Asia. In Cannabis and Culture Vera Rubin (Ed.), (63–75). New York: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110812060.63
  • MGM. (2023). Samsun-Amasya-Tokat İllerinin Uzun Yıllara Ait Meteoroloji Bültenleri. Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023. URL: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=SAMSUN, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=AMASYA, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=TOKAT
  • Mi, X., Tang, M., Liao, H., Shen, W., Lev, B. (2019). The state-of-the-art survey on integrations and applications of the best worst method in decision making: Why, what, what for and what’s next? Omega (United Kingdom), 87, 205–225. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2019.01.009
  • Pamucar, D., Gigovic, L., Bajic, Z., Janoševic, M. (2017). Location selection for wind farms using GIS multi-criteria hybrid model: An approach based on fuzzy and rough numbers. Sustainability, 9 (8), 1315. doi:10.3390/SU9081315
  • Piomelli, D., Russo, E. B. (2016). The cannabis sativa versus cannabis indica debate: An interview with Ethan Russo, MD. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1 (1), 44–46. doi:10.1089/CAN.2015.29003.EBR
  • Rezaei, J. (2015). Best-Worst multi-criteria decision-making method. Omega (United Kingdom), 53, 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009
  • Rezaei, J. (2016). Best-Worst multi-criteria decision-making method: Some properties and a linear model. Omega (United Kingdom), 64, 126–130. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2015.12.001
  • Russo, E. B., Jiang, H. E., Li, X., Sutton, A., Carboni, A., Del Bianco, F., Mandolino, G., Potter, D. J., Zhao, Y. X., Bera, S., Zhang, Y. B., Lü, E. G., Ferguson, D. K., Hueber, F., Zhao, L. C., Liu, C. J., Wang, Y. F., ve Li, C. Sen. (2008). Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59 (15), 4171. doi:10.1093/JXB/ERN260
  • Salentijn, E. M. J., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M., Trindade, L. M. (2015). New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa l.) breeding. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 32–41. doi:10.1016/J.INDCROP.2014.08.011
  • Schultes, R. E. (1973). Man and Marijuana: Thousands of Years Before it Became the Superstar of the Drug Culture, Cannabis was Cultivated for Fiber, Food, and Medicine. American Museum of Natural History.
  • Schultes, R. E., Hofmann, A. (1992). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd. Sharma, G. K. (1979). Significance of eco-chemical studies of cannabis. Science and Culture, 45, 303–307.
  • Small, E. (1979). The Species Problem in Cannabis : Science and Semantics (2nd ed.). Corpus.
  • Small, E. (2015). Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization. Botanical Review, 81(3), 189–294. doi:10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3
  • Small, E., Pocock, T., Cavers, P. B. (2003). The biology of Canadian weeds. 119. Cannabis sativa l., Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 83 (1), 217–237. doi:10.4141/P02-021
  • Te-k’un, C. (1966). Archaeology in China (2nd ed.). W. Heffer & Sons.
  • URL 1. Top Cannabis Oils Exports by Country 2021. 5 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde https://www.worldstopexports.com/top-cannabis-oils-exports-by-country/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Warf, B. (2014). High points: A historical geography of cannabis. Geographical Review, 104 (4), 414–438. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12038.x
  • Yıldırım, S., Koca Çalışkan, U. (2020). Kenevir ve sağlık alanında kullanımı. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 44 (1), 112–136. doi:10.33483/jfpau.559665
  • Zablocki, B., Aidala, A., Hansell, S., White, H. R. (1991). Marijuana use, introspectiveness, and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32 (1), 65–79. doi:10.2307/2136800
  • Zuardi, A. W. (2006). History Of cannabis as a medicine: A review. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), 28 (2), 153–157. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000200015
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Coğrafya
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mesut Gök 0000-0002-7710-7784

Enes Taşoğlu 0000-0002-6365-6926

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gök, M., & Taşoğlu, E. (2023). Yasaklı Bitkiden Potansiyel Bir Hazineye Doğru: Samsun, Amasya ve Tokat İllerinde Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L. hemp) Yetiştiriciliğinin Best-Worst Yöntemiyle Analizi. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 427-452. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1298715