Prevalence of artichoke head rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) disease and determining its effect on production in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey
Öz
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is an herbaceous, edible plant and is cultivated for its immature head (bud) part. In 2016 and 2017, significant damages due to rots on the heads of globe artichoke plants were observed in the farmer fields in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. To determine the cause of the rots, samples were taken from necrotic tissues. Fungal isolates were obtained by the agar-plate method and examined in detail. Based on the morphological and ITS region of the rDNA of the isolates, the causal agent of the disease was determined as Botrytis cinerea Pers. that was previously reported in the USA and Argentina. To our knowledge, this is the first publication that reports the occurrence and prevalence of B. cinerea that causes head rots and economic losses in globe artichoke production in the Western Mediterranean region of Turkey. Although B. cinerea is a common plant pathogenic fungus with a wide range of hosts and little is known Botrytis rot of globe artichoke in Turkey. With this study, the causal agent of the disease was identified, and the status of the disease in globe artichoke growing areas and the influence of the disease on the production were investigated. Surveys were conducted in seven locations (Muratpasa, Kepez, Aksu, Serik, Manavgat, Gazipasa, and Kumluca) in the Western Mediterranean Region in 2016 and 2017. A simple random sampling method was used in the surveys and a total of 95 samples were selected from 79 fields in both years. Mean disease incidence and prevalence were 14.7 and 37.0% in 2016, and while they were 17.5 and 51.1% in 2017, respectively. This study revealed that B. cinerea has a significant impact on globe artichoke production by inducing head rots and accordingly 16.1% annual yield loss in pre-harvest period.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Botrytis cinerea globe artichoke Cynara scolymus L. yield loss
Destekleyen Kurum
TAGEM
Proje Numarası
TAGEM-BS-15/09-10/02-10
Teşekkür
This study was conducted within the scope of the project (TAGEM-BS-15/09-10/02-10) and supported by General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies.
Kaynakça
- Referans1 Agrios G.N., 2005. Plant pathology. Elsevier Academic Press, London, 922 p.
- Referans2 Ahmed A.U., Zaman S., Mazid M.A., Rahman M.M., Sarkar M.M.R., Arbia L., Ud-deen M.M., Kabir G., 2014. Studies of Botrytis cinerea causing botrytis gray mold disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Bio-Science, 22, 69-76.
- Referans3 Anoymous 2018a. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ANTALYA (Erişim tarihi: 23.10.2018).
- Referans4 Anonymous 2018b. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Meteorolojik veri bilgi sunum ve satış sistemi. https://mevbis.mgm.gov.tr/mevbis/ui/index.html#/Workspace (Erişim tarih: 5.11.2018).
- Referans5 Anonymous 2018c. UC Pest Management Guidelines Artichoke Gray Mold (Botrytis Rot) http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r6100311.html (Accessed date: 18.10.2018).
- Referans6 Bratsch A., 2014. Specialty Crop Profile: Globe Artichoke. Virginia Cooperative Extension. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/438/438-108/438-108_pdf.pdf (Accessed date: 18.10.2018).
- Referans7 Bora T., Karaca İ., 1970. Bitki hastalıkları sürveyi kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167 Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova, 43 s.
- Referans8 Bulger M.A., Ellis M.A., Madden L. V., 1987. Influence of temperature and wetness duration on infection of strawberry flowers by Botrytis cinerea and disease incidence of fruit originating from infected flowers. Phytopathology, 77, 1225-1230.
- Referans9 Ciliberti N., Fermaud M., Roudet J., Rossi V., 2015. Environmental conditions affect Botrytis cinerea infection of mature grape berries more than the strain or transposon genotype. Phytopathology, 105, 1090-1096.
- Referans10 Droby S., Lichter A., 2007. Post-Harvest Botrytis Infection: Etiology, Development and Management. Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Springer, Dordrecht, 349-367 pp.
- Referans11 Ellis M.B., Waller J.M., 1974. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (conidial state: Botrytis cinerea). CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria, No. 431. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute; Kew, Surrey, England, 1-2 pp.
- Referans12 Elad Y., Stewart A., 2004. Microbial control of Botrytis spp. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 223–241 pp.
- Referans13 Esterio M., Silva E., Araneda M.J., Ramos C., Pérez I., Navarrete S., Auger J., 2013. Genetic and phenotypic study of Botrytis spp. Isolates from blueberry in Chile. XVI International Botrytis Symposium, Italy, Locorotondo-Bari, 20 p.
- Referans14 FAO, 2020. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accessed date: 15.03.2020).
- Referans15 Francois, L., Donovan E.T.J., Maas E.V., 1991. Calcium deficiency of artichoke buds in relation to salinity. Hortscience, 26 (5), 549-553.
- Referans16 Hao Y., Cao X., Ma C., Zhang Z., Zhao N., Ali A., Hou T., Xiang Z., Zhuang J., Wu S., Xing B., Zhang Z., Rui Y., 2017. Potential applications and antifungal activities of engineered nanomaterials against gray mold disease agent Botrytis cinerea on rose petals. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1332.
- Referans17 Larran S., Ronco L., Carranza M.R., Zuccaro M., 2004. Grey mould of the globe artichoke in Argentina. Australasian Plant Pathology, 33, 461.
- Referans18 Lattanzioa V., Kroon P.A., Linsalata V., Cardinali A., 2009. Globe artichoke: A functional food and source of nutraceutical ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods, 1(2), 131-144.
- Referans19 Link G.K.K., Ramsey G.B., Bailey A.A., 1924. Botrytis rot of the globe artichoke. Journal of Agricultural Research, 29(2), 85-92.
- Referans20 Moline H.E., Upton W.J., 1987. Market diseases of beets, chicory, endive, escarole, globe artichokes, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, and sweetpotatoes. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 155, 86 p.
- Referans21 Mor M., Shoyhet H., Rav-David D., Elad Y., Harel A., 2016. Scanning of the diversity of Botrytis cinerea isolates. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 34 p.
- Referans22 O’Neill T.M., Shtienberg D., Elad Y., 1997. Effect of some host and microclimate factors on infection of tomato stems by Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease, 81, 36-40.
- Referans23 Rashid M.H., Khalequzzaman K.M., Kashem M.A., Alam M.J., Islam M.S., Rafii M.Y., Latif M.A., 2013. Yield loss assessment of chickpea caused by botrytis gray mold through fungicide (bavistin) spray. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 3001-3004.
- Referans24 Smith R., Baameur A., Bari M., Chan M., Giraud D., Natwick E., Takele E., 2008. Artichoke production in California. https://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/7221.pdf. (Accessed date: 16.01.2019).
- Referans25 Tanović B., Hrustić J., Mihajlović M., Grahovac M., Delibašić G., 2014. Botrytis cinerea in raspberry in Serbia I: Morphological and molecular characterization. Journal Pestic. Phytomed, 29(4), 237–247.
- Referans26 TÜİK 2018. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. (Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2018).
- Referans27 Uribe J.C.G., 2016. Botrytis blight vs Colombian cut flower industry. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 3 p.
- Referans28 Valdés J., Pedroso I., Tapia P., Silva-Moreno E., Staats M., Revuelta M.V., Have A.T., van Kan J.A.L., 2016. Comparative genomics of Botrytis spp. Sheds light into genetic diversity, genotypic richness and suggest potential evolutionary diversification paths. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 44 p.
- Referans29 Walker A.S., Mercier A., Cuel M., Pradier J.-M., Simon A., Viaud M., Gladieux P., 2016. Population structure and host specialization in Botrytis cinerea. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 6 p.
- Referans30 White T.J. et al., 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A guide to methods and applications. M. A. Innis, et al. eds. Academic Press, San Diego.
- Referans31 Williamson B., Tudzynski B., Tudzynski P., Van Kan J.A.L., 2007. Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease. Molecular Plant Pathology, 8(5), 561–580.
Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde Enginar baş çürüklüğü (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) hastalığının yaygınlığı ve üretime etkisinin belirlenmesi
Öz
Enginar (Cynara scolymus L.) otsu, yenilebilir bir bitkidir ve olgunlaşmamış baş (tomurcuk) kısmı için yetiştirilmektedir. 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde üretici tarlalarında enginar bitkilerinin baş kısmındaki çürümeler nedeniyle önemli zararlar gözlenmiştir. Çürümelerin nedenini belirlemek amacıyla nekrotik dokulardan numuneler alınmıştır. Agar-plak metodu kullanılarak fungal izolatlar elde edilmiş ve detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. İzolatların morfolojik ve rDNA’larının ITS bölgelerine dayanarak, hastalığın etmeninin Botrytis cinerea Pers. olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hastalık daha önce ABD ve Arjantin’de rapor edilmiştir. Bilgilerimiz doğrultusunda bu yayın, Türkiye’nin önemli üretim potansiyeline sahip Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde, enginarda baş çürüklüğüne neden olan, B. cinerea’nın ortaya çıkışı ve ekonomik zarar oluşturacak düzeyde yaygınlığına yönelik ilk kayıt niteliğindedir. B. cinerea geniş bir konukçu dizisine sahip yaygın bir bitki patojeni fungus olmasına rağmen, enginarda Botrytis çürüklüğü Türkiye’de çok az bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma ile hastalık etmeni tanılanmış, enginar üretim alanlarındaki durumu ve üretime olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. 2016 ve 2017’de Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yedi lokasyonda (Muratpaşa, Kepez, Aksu, Serik, Manavgat, Gazipaşa ve Kumluca) sürveyler yapılmıştır. Sürveylerde basit tesadüfî örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış ve her iki yılda 79 tarladan toplam 95 numune alınmıştır. 2016’da, ortalama hastalık oranı ve yaygınlığı sırasıyla %14.7 ve %37.0 olurken, 2017’de ise hastalık oranı ve yaygınlığı sırasıyla %17.5 ve %51.1 olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile B. cinerea’nın hasat öncesi enginarda baş kısmında çürümelere ve sonuç olarak yıllık %16.1 verim kaybına neden olmasıyla enginar üretimi üzerinde önemli bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
TAGEM-BS-15/09-10/02-10
Kaynakça
- Referans1 Agrios G.N., 2005. Plant pathology. Elsevier Academic Press, London, 922 p.
- Referans2 Ahmed A.U., Zaman S., Mazid M.A., Rahman M.M., Sarkar M.M.R., Arbia L., Ud-deen M.M., Kabir G., 2014. Studies of Botrytis cinerea causing botrytis gray mold disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Bio-Science, 22, 69-76.
- Referans3 Anoymous 2018a. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ANTALYA (Erişim tarihi: 23.10.2018).
- Referans4 Anonymous 2018b. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Meteorolojik veri bilgi sunum ve satış sistemi. https://mevbis.mgm.gov.tr/mevbis/ui/index.html#/Workspace (Erişim tarih: 5.11.2018).
- Referans5 Anonymous 2018c. UC Pest Management Guidelines Artichoke Gray Mold (Botrytis Rot) http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r6100311.html (Accessed date: 18.10.2018).
- Referans6 Bratsch A., 2014. Specialty Crop Profile: Globe Artichoke. Virginia Cooperative Extension. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/438/438-108/438-108_pdf.pdf (Accessed date: 18.10.2018).
- Referans7 Bora T., Karaca İ., 1970. Bitki hastalıkları sürveyi kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167 Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova, 43 s.
- Referans8 Bulger M.A., Ellis M.A., Madden L. V., 1987. Influence of temperature and wetness duration on infection of strawberry flowers by Botrytis cinerea and disease incidence of fruit originating from infected flowers. Phytopathology, 77, 1225-1230.
- Referans9 Ciliberti N., Fermaud M., Roudet J., Rossi V., 2015. Environmental conditions affect Botrytis cinerea infection of mature grape berries more than the strain or transposon genotype. Phytopathology, 105, 1090-1096.
- Referans10 Droby S., Lichter A., 2007. Post-Harvest Botrytis Infection: Etiology, Development and Management. Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Springer, Dordrecht, 349-367 pp.
- Referans11 Ellis M.B., Waller J.M., 1974. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (conidial state: Botrytis cinerea). CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria, No. 431. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute; Kew, Surrey, England, 1-2 pp.
- Referans12 Elad Y., Stewart A., 2004. Microbial control of Botrytis spp. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 223–241 pp.
- Referans13 Esterio M., Silva E., Araneda M.J., Ramos C., Pérez I., Navarrete S., Auger J., 2013. Genetic and phenotypic study of Botrytis spp. Isolates from blueberry in Chile. XVI International Botrytis Symposium, Italy, Locorotondo-Bari, 20 p.
- Referans14 FAO, 2020. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accessed date: 15.03.2020).
- Referans15 Francois, L., Donovan E.T.J., Maas E.V., 1991. Calcium deficiency of artichoke buds in relation to salinity. Hortscience, 26 (5), 549-553.
- Referans16 Hao Y., Cao X., Ma C., Zhang Z., Zhao N., Ali A., Hou T., Xiang Z., Zhuang J., Wu S., Xing B., Zhang Z., Rui Y., 2017. Potential applications and antifungal activities of engineered nanomaterials against gray mold disease agent Botrytis cinerea on rose petals. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1332.
- Referans17 Larran S., Ronco L., Carranza M.R., Zuccaro M., 2004. Grey mould of the globe artichoke in Argentina. Australasian Plant Pathology, 33, 461.
- Referans18 Lattanzioa V., Kroon P.A., Linsalata V., Cardinali A., 2009. Globe artichoke: A functional food and source of nutraceutical ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods, 1(2), 131-144.
- Referans19 Link G.K.K., Ramsey G.B., Bailey A.A., 1924. Botrytis rot of the globe artichoke. Journal of Agricultural Research, 29(2), 85-92.
- Referans20 Moline H.E., Upton W.J., 1987. Market diseases of beets, chicory, endive, escarole, globe artichokes, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, and sweetpotatoes. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 155, 86 p.
- Referans21 Mor M., Shoyhet H., Rav-David D., Elad Y., Harel A., 2016. Scanning of the diversity of Botrytis cinerea isolates. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 34 p.
- Referans22 O’Neill T.M., Shtienberg D., Elad Y., 1997. Effect of some host and microclimate factors on infection of tomato stems by Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease, 81, 36-40.
- Referans23 Rashid M.H., Khalequzzaman K.M., Kashem M.A., Alam M.J., Islam M.S., Rafii M.Y., Latif M.A., 2013. Yield loss assessment of chickpea caused by botrytis gray mold through fungicide (bavistin) spray. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 3001-3004.
- Referans24 Smith R., Baameur A., Bari M., Chan M., Giraud D., Natwick E., Takele E., 2008. Artichoke production in California. https://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/7221.pdf. (Accessed date: 16.01.2019).
- Referans25 Tanović B., Hrustić J., Mihajlović M., Grahovac M., Delibašić G., 2014. Botrytis cinerea in raspberry in Serbia I: Morphological and molecular characterization. Journal Pestic. Phytomed, 29(4), 237–247.
- Referans26 TÜİK 2018. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. (Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2018).
- Referans27 Uribe J.C.G., 2016. Botrytis blight vs Colombian cut flower industry. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 3 p.
- Referans28 Valdés J., Pedroso I., Tapia P., Silva-Moreno E., Staats M., Revuelta M.V., Have A.T., van Kan J.A.L., 2016. Comparative genomics of Botrytis spp. Sheds light into genetic diversity, genotypic richness and suggest potential evolutionary diversification paths. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 44 p.
- Referans29 Walker A.S., Mercier A., Cuel M., Pradier J.-M., Simon A., Viaud M., Gladieux P., 2016. Population structure and host specialization in Botrytis cinerea. XVII International Botrytis Symposium, Santa Cruz – Chile, 6 p.
- Referans30 White T.J. et al., 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A guide to methods and applications. M. A. Innis, et al. eds. Academic Press, San Diego.
- Referans31 Williamson B., Tudzynski B., Tudzynski P., Van Kan J.A.L., 2007. Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease. Molecular Plant Pathology, 8(5), 561–580.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | TAGEM-BS-15/09-10/02-10 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Nisan 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Eylül 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 60 Sayı: 4 |
