The Role of Antioxidants in Sepsis Management: A Review of Therapeutic Applications

Hilal Üstündağ

İnceleme Makalesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 38 - 48, 25.10.2023

Hilal Üstündağ

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;315(8):801-10.
2. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200-11.
3. Vincent J-L, Jones G, David S, Olariu E, Cadwell KK. Frequency and mortality of septic shock in Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical care. 2019;23(1):1-11.
4. Chousterman BG, Swirski FK, Weber GF, editors. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Seminars in immunopathology; 2017: Springer.
5. Rubio I, Osuchowski MF, Shankar-Hari M, Skirecki T, Winkler MS, Lachmann G, et al. Current gaps in sepsis immunology: new opportunities for translational research. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2019;19(12):e422-e36.
6. Tamayo E, Fernández A, Almansa R, Carrasco E, Heredia M, Lajo C, et al. Pro-and anti-inflammatory responses are regulated simultaneously from the first moments of septic shock. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2011;22(2):82-7.
7. Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Sepsis—pathophysiology and therapeutic concepts. Frontiers in medicine. 2021;8:609.
8. Fox ES, Brower JS, Bellezzo JM, Leingang KA. N-acetylcysteine and alpha-tocopherol reverse the inflammatory response in activated rat Kupffer cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 1997;158(11):5418-23.
9. Huet O, Harrois A, Duranteau J. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction during sepsis. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. 2009:59-64.
10. Polat G, Ugan RA, Cadirci E, Halici Z. Sepsis and septic shock: current treatment strategies and new approaches. The Eurasian journal of medicine. 2017;49(1):53.
11. Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(23):2235-44.
12. Prescott HC, Angus DC. Enhancing recovery from sepsis: a review. Jama. 2018;319(1):62-75.
13. Gyawali B, Ramakrishna K, Dhamoon AS. Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE open medicine. 2019;7:2050312119835043.
14. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Critical care medicine. 2006;34(6):1589-96.
15. Garnacho-Montero J, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Escoresca-Ortega A, Corcia-Palomo Y, Fernandez-Delgado E, Herrera-Melero I, et al. De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive care medicine. 2014;40:32-40.
16. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon J-Y, Chevret S, Thomas F, Wermert D, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. Jama. 2003;290(19):2588-98.
17. Sartelli M, Catena F, Abu-Zidan FM, Ansaloni L, Biffl WL, Boermeester MA, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference. World journal of emergency surgery. 2017;12(1):1-31.
18. Hoste EA, Blot SI, Lameire NH, Vanholder RC, De Bacquer D, Colardyn FA. Effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated with renal replacement therapy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2004;15(2):454-62.
19. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009;49(1):1-45.
20. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive care medicine. 2017;43:304-77.
21. Marik PE. Fluid responsiveness and the six guiding principles of fluid resuscitation. Critical care medicine. 2016;44(10):1920-2.
22. Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I, Cordemans C, Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, et al. Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy. 2014;46(5):361-80.
23. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(9):779-89.
24. Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-8.
25. Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, Brower RG, Talmor D, Walter SD, et al. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2010;303(9):865-73.
26. Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney international supplements. 2012;2(1):1-138.
27. Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Wempe C, Pavenstädt H, et al. Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2016;315(20):2190-9.
28. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Alhazzani W, Calder PC, Casaer MP, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical nutrition. 2019;38(1):48-79.
29. Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(6):506-17.
30. Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent J-L. Sepsis and septic shock. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2016;2(1):1-21.
31. Prauchner CA. Oxidative stress in sepsis: pathophysiological implications justifying antioxidant co-therapy. Burns. 2017;43(3):471-85.
32. Rocha M, Herance R, Rovira S, Hernandez-Mijares A, M Victor V. Mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant therapy in sepsis. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders). 2012;12(2):161-78.
33. Murphy MP. Targeting lipophilic cations to mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics. 2008;1777(7-8):1028-31.
34. Lowes D, Webster N, Murphy M, Galley H. Antioxidants that protect mitochondria reduce interleukin-6 and oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, and reduce biochemical markers of organ dysfunction in a rat model of acute sepsis. British journal of anaesthesia. 2013;110(3):472-80.
35. Supinski GS, Murphy MP, Callahan LA. MitoQ administration prevents endotoxin-induced cardiac dysfunction. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2009;297(4):R1095-R102.
36. Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Abakumova I, Prime TA, Rose C, et al. Consequences of long-term oral administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ to wild-type mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2010;48(1):161-72.
37. Üstündağ H, Kalindemirtaş FD, Doğanay S, Demir Ö, Nezahat K, Huyut MT, et al. Enhanced Efficacy of Resveratrol Loaded Silver Nanoparticle in Attenuating Sepsis-Induced Acute Liver Injury: Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and SIRT1 Activation. Shock. 2023:10.1097.
38. Üstündağ H, Doğanay S, Kalındemirtaş FD, Demir Ö, Huyut MT, Kurt N, et al. A new treatment approach: Melatonin and ascorbic acid synergy shields against sepsis-induced heart and kidney damage in male rats. Life Sciences. 2023;329:121875.
39. Üstündağ H, Demir Ö, Çiçek B, Huyut MT, Yüce N, Tavacı T. Protective effect of melatonin and ascorbic acid combination on sepsis‐induced lung injury: An Experimental study. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2023.
40. Thompson MA, Zuniga K, Sousse L, Christy R, Gurney CJ. The Role of Vitamin E in Thermal Burn Injuries, Infection, and Sepsis: A Review. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2022;43(6):1260-70.
41. Oliva A, Bianchi A, Russo A, Ceccarelli G, Cancelli F, Aloj F, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine administration on 30-day mortality in critically ill patients with septic shock caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii: a retrospective case-control study. Antibiotics. 2021;10(3):271.
42. Zhang R, Wang X, Ni L, Di X, Ma B, Niu S, et al. COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life sciences. 2020;250:117583.
43. Escames G, Lopez LC, Ortiz F, Lopez A, García JA, Ros E, et al. Attenuation of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction by melatonin in septic mice. The FEBS Journal. 2007;274(8):2135-47.
44. Şener G, Toklu H, Kapucu C, Ercan F, Erkanlı G, Kaçmaz A, et al. Melatonin protects against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. Surgery today. 2005;35:52-9.
45. Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Facciolo F, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Pharmacological investigation on the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of N-acetylcysteine in an ex vivo model of COPD exacerbation. Respiratory research. 2017;18(1):1-10.
46. KIM JC, HONG SW, SHIM JK, YOO KJ, CHUN DH, KWAK YL. Effect of N‐acetylcystein on pulmonary function in patients undergoing off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica. 2011;55(4):452-9.
47. Hsu B-G, Lee R-P, Yang F-L, Harn H-J, Chen HI. Post-treatment with N-acetylcysteine ameliorates endotoxin shock-induced organ damage in conscious rats. Life Sciences. 2006;79(21):2010-6.
48. Blackwell TS, Blackwell TR, Holden EP, Christman BW, Christman JW. In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and neutrophilic lung inflammation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 1996;157(4):1630-7.
49. Aisa-Alvarez A, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V, Camarena-Alejo G, Franco-Granillo J, Martínez-Rodríguez EA, et al. Usefulness of antioxidants as adjuvant therapy for septic shock: A randomized clinical trial. Medicina. 2020;56(11):619.
50. Fowler AA, Syed AA, Knowlson S, Sculthorpe R, Farthing D, DeWilde C, et al. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Journal of translational medicine. 2014;12:1-10.
51. Joo YM, Chae MK, Hwang SY, Jin S-C, Lee TR, Cha WC, et al. Impact of timely antibiotic administration on outcomes in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine. 2014;1(1):35.
52. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent J-L. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. Jama. 2001;286(14):1754-8.
53. Mitchell AB, Ryan TE, Gillion AR, Wells LD, Muthiah MP. Vitamin C and thiamine for sepsis and septic shock. The American Journal of Medicine. 2020;133(5):635-8.
54. Kim J-Y, Lee S-M. Effect of ascorbic acid on hepatic vasoregulatory gene expression during polymicrobial sepsis. Life sciences. 2004;75(16):2015-26.
55. Kim J-Y, Lee S-M. Vitamins C and E protect hepatic cytochrome P450 dysfunction induced by polymicrobial sepsis. European journal of pharmacology. 2006;534(1-3):202-9.
56. ERCAN F. Protective effect of beta-glucan against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. 2005.
57. Matsumoto S. Effects of the antioxidant-enriched concentrated liquid diet ANOM on oxidative stress and multiple organ injury in patients with septic shock: a pilot study. J Anesthe Clinic Res. 2011;2:8.
58. Abelli J, Méndez-Valdés G, Gómez-Hevia F, Bragato MC, Chichiarelli S, Saso L, et al. Potential Antioxidant Multitherapy against Complications Occurring in Sepsis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(12):3088.
59. Koekkoek W, van Zanten AR. Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements in critical illness. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2016;31(4):457-74.
60. Kočan L, Vašková J, Vaško L, Šimonová J, Šimon R, Firment J. Selenium adjuvant therapy in septic patients selected according to Carrico index. Clinical Biochemistry. 2014;47(15):44-50.
61. Kong L, Wu Q, Liu B. The impact of selenium administration on severe sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. African Health Sciences. 2021;21(1):277-85.

The Role of Antioxidants in Sepsis Management: A Review of Therapeutic Applications

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 38 - 48, 25.10.2023

Hilal Üstündağ

Öz

Sepsis represents a life-threatening clinical condition characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection leading to organ dysfunction. It affects approximately 49 million people worldwide each year and contributes to an estimated 11 million deaths, accounting for 19.7% of global deaths. Despite the global decline in mortality rates, approximately 25% of patients still succumb to sepsis and hospital mortality in septic shock, a subset of sepsis, approaches 60%. Sepsis not only triggers a multifaceted immune imbalance involving both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, but also induces coagulation and complement cascades that collectively contribute to progressive tissue damage and multi-organ dysfunction. While advances have been made in the treatment of sepsis, mortality remains significantly high, ranging from 20% to 80%. The outcome of sepsis can be influenced by numerous factors, including the overall health status of the patient, the severity of sepsis, the organ systems affected and the timing of treatment initiated. Despite the potential of antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Melatonin and N-Acetylcysteine to manage oxidative stress in sepsis, further randomized controlled trials are warranted to clarify their dosage, timing and duration of administration and thereby improve our understanding and effective use of these agents in sepsis management. This review aims to examine the relationship between sepsis and antioxidants, specifically focusing on the role of antioxidants in the pathophysiology of sepsis and their potential therapeutic applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sepsis, Mortality Rates, Antioxidant Therapy, Septic Shock, Organ Dysfunction

Kaynakça

1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;315(8):801-10.
2. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200-11.
3. Vincent J-L, Jones G, David S, Olariu E, Cadwell KK. Frequency and mortality of septic shock in Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical care. 2019;23(1):1-11.
4. Chousterman BG, Swirski FK, Weber GF, editors. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Seminars in immunopathology; 2017: Springer.
5. Rubio I, Osuchowski MF, Shankar-Hari M, Skirecki T, Winkler MS, Lachmann G, et al. Current gaps in sepsis immunology: new opportunities for translational research. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2019;19(12):e422-e36.
6. Tamayo E, Fernández A, Almansa R, Carrasco E, Heredia M, Lajo C, et al. Pro-and anti-inflammatory responses are regulated simultaneously from the first moments of septic shock. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2011;22(2):82-7.
7. Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Sepsis—pathophysiology and therapeutic concepts. Frontiers in medicine. 2021;8:609.
8. Fox ES, Brower JS, Bellezzo JM, Leingang KA. N-acetylcysteine and alpha-tocopherol reverse the inflammatory response in activated rat Kupffer cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 1997;158(11):5418-23.
9. Huet O, Harrois A, Duranteau J. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction during sepsis. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. 2009:59-64.
10. Polat G, Ugan RA, Cadirci E, Halici Z. Sepsis and septic shock: current treatment strategies and new approaches. The Eurasian journal of medicine. 2017;49(1):53.
11. Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(23):2235-44.
12. Prescott HC, Angus DC. Enhancing recovery from sepsis: a review. Jama. 2018;319(1):62-75.
13. Gyawali B, Ramakrishna K, Dhamoon AS. Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE open medicine. 2019;7:2050312119835043.
14. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Critical care medicine. 2006;34(6):1589-96.
15. Garnacho-Montero J, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Escoresca-Ortega A, Corcia-Palomo Y, Fernandez-Delgado E, Herrera-Melero I, et al. De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive care medicine. 2014;40:32-40.
16. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon J-Y, Chevret S, Thomas F, Wermert D, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. Jama. 2003;290(19):2588-98.
17. Sartelli M, Catena F, Abu-Zidan FM, Ansaloni L, Biffl WL, Boermeester MA, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference. World journal of emergency surgery. 2017;12(1):1-31.
18. Hoste EA, Blot SI, Lameire NH, Vanholder RC, De Bacquer D, Colardyn FA. Effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated with renal replacement therapy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2004;15(2):454-62.
19. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009;49(1):1-45.
20. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive care medicine. 2017;43:304-77.
21. Marik PE. Fluid responsiveness and the six guiding principles of fluid resuscitation. Critical care medicine. 2016;44(10):1920-2.
22. Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I, Cordemans C, Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, et al. Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy. 2014;46(5):361-80.
23. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(9):779-89.
24. Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-8.
25. Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, Brower RG, Talmor D, Walter SD, et al. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2010;303(9):865-73.
26. Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney international supplements. 2012;2(1):1-138.
27. Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Wempe C, Pavenstädt H, et al. Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2016;315(20):2190-9.
28. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Alhazzani W, Calder PC, Casaer MP, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical nutrition. 2019;38(1):48-79.
29. Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(6):506-17.
30. Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent J-L. Sepsis and septic shock. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2016;2(1):1-21.
31. Prauchner CA. Oxidative stress in sepsis: pathophysiological implications justifying antioxidant co-therapy. Burns. 2017;43(3):471-85.
32. Rocha M, Herance R, Rovira S, Hernandez-Mijares A, M Victor V. Mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant therapy in sepsis. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders). 2012;12(2):161-78.
33. Murphy MP. Targeting lipophilic cations to mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics. 2008;1777(7-8):1028-31.
34. Lowes D, Webster N, Murphy M, Galley H. Antioxidants that protect mitochondria reduce interleukin-6 and oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, and reduce biochemical markers of organ dysfunction in a rat model of acute sepsis. British journal of anaesthesia. 2013;110(3):472-80.
35. Supinski GS, Murphy MP, Callahan LA. MitoQ administration prevents endotoxin-induced cardiac dysfunction. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2009;297(4):R1095-R102.
36. Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Abakumova I, Prime TA, Rose C, et al. Consequences of long-term oral administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ to wild-type mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2010;48(1):161-72.
37. Üstündağ H, Kalindemirtaş FD, Doğanay S, Demir Ö, Nezahat K, Huyut MT, et al. Enhanced Efficacy of Resveratrol Loaded Silver Nanoparticle in Attenuating Sepsis-Induced Acute Liver Injury: Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and SIRT1 Activation. Shock. 2023:10.1097.
38. Üstündağ H, Doğanay S, Kalındemirtaş FD, Demir Ö, Huyut MT, Kurt N, et al. A new treatment approach: Melatonin and ascorbic acid synergy shields against sepsis-induced heart and kidney damage in male rats. Life Sciences. 2023;329:121875.
39. Üstündağ H, Demir Ö, Çiçek B, Huyut MT, Yüce N, Tavacı T. Protective effect of melatonin and ascorbic acid combination on sepsis‐induced lung injury: An Experimental study. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2023.
40. Thompson MA, Zuniga K, Sousse L, Christy R, Gurney CJ. The Role of Vitamin E in Thermal Burn Injuries, Infection, and Sepsis: A Review. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2022;43(6):1260-70.
41. Oliva A, Bianchi A, Russo A, Ceccarelli G, Cancelli F, Aloj F, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine administration on 30-day mortality in critically ill patients with septic shock caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii: a retrospective case-control study. Antibiotics. 2021;10(3):271.
42. Zhang R, Wang X, Ni L, Di X, Ma B, Niu S, et al. COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life sciences. 2020;250:117583.
43. Escames G, Lopez LC, Ortiz F, Lopez A, García JA, Ros E, et al. Attenuation of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction by melatonin in septic mice. The FEBS Journal. 2007;274(8):2135-47.
44. Şener G, Toklu H, Kapucu C, Ercan F, Erkanlı G, Kaçmaz A, et al. Melatonin protects against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. Surgery today. 2005;35:52-9.
45. Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Facciolo F, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Pharmacological investigation on the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of N-acetylcysteine in an ex vivo model of COPD exacerbation. Respiratory research. 2017;18(1):1-10.
46. KIM JC, HONG SW, SHIM JK, YOO KJ, CHUN DH, KWAK YL. Effect of N‐acetylcystein on pulmonary function in patients undergoing off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica. 2011;55(4):452-9.
47. Hsu B-G, Lee R-P, Yang F-L, Harn H-J, Chen HI. Post-treatment with N-acetylcysteine ameliorates endotoxin shock-induced organ damage in conscious rats. Life Sciences. 2006;79(21):2010-6.
48. Blackwell TS, Blackwell TR, Holden EP, Christman BW, Christman JW. In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and neutrophilic lung inflammation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 1996;157(4):1630-7.
49. Aisa-Alvarez A, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V, Camarena-Alejo G, Franco-Granillo J, Martínez-Rodríguez EA, et al. Usefulness of antioxidants as adjuvant therapy for septic shock: A randomized clinical trial. Medicina. 2020;56(11):619.
50. Fowler AA, Syed AA, Knowlson S, Sculthorpe R, Farthing D, DeWilde C, et al. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Journal of translational medicine. 2014;12:1-10.
51. Joo YM, Chae MK, Hwang SY, Jin S-C, Lee TR, Cha WC, et al. Impact of timely antibiotic administration on outcomes in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine. 2014;1(1):35.
52. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent J-L. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. Jama. 2001;286(14):1754-8.
53. Mitchell AB, Ryan TE, Gillion AR, Wells LD, Muthiah MP. Vitamin C and thiamine for sepsis and septic shock. The American Journal of Medicine. 2020;133(5):635-8.
54. Kim J-Y, Lee S-M. Effect of ascorbic acid on hepatic vasoregulatory gene expression during polymicrobial sepsis. Life sciences. 2004;75(16):2015-26.
55. Kim J-Y, Lee S-M. Vitamins C and E protect hepatic cytochrome P450 dysfunction induced by polymicrobial sepsis. European journal of pharmacology. 2006;534(1-3):202-9.
56. ERCAN F. Protective effect of beta-glucan against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. 2005.
57. Matsumoto S. Effects of the antioxidant-enriched concentrated liquid diet ANOM on oxidative stress and multiple organ injury in patients with septic shock: a pilot study. J Anesthe Clinic Res. 2011;2:8.
58. Abelli J, Méndez-Valdés G, Gómez-Hevia F, Bragato MC, Chichiarelli S, Saso L, et al. Potential Antioxidant Multitherapy against Complications Occurring in Sepsis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(12):3088.
59. Koekkoek W, van Zanten AR. Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements in critical illness. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2016;31(4):457-74.
60. Kočan L, Vašková J, Vaško L, Šimonová J, Šimon R, Firment J. Selenium adjuvant therapy in septic patients selected according to Carrico index. Clinical Biochemistry. 2014;47(15):44-50.
61. Kong L, Wu Q, Liu B. The impact of selenium administration on severe sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. African Health Sciences. 2021;21(1):277-85.

Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm	Reviews
Yazarlar	Hilal Üstündağ 0000-0003-3140-0755
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	26 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Üstündağ, H. (2023). The Role of Antioxidants in Sepsis Management: A Review of Therapeutic Applications. Eurasian Journal of Molecular and Biochemical Sciences, 2(2), 38-48.

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