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Evaluation of daylight performance in traditional dwellings: Main room/living room (başoda) of Kula traditional dwellings

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 1519 - 1532, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353

Öz

Daylight is one of the main factors among the features that determine the original space qualities in traditional houses. The daylight features of the spaces also determine the authentic space atmosphere and should be considered among the features to be preserved in the usage decisions. In traditional dwellings in Anatolia, the main room is the most lavish room, which has projections and is surrounded by windows on three sides. Therefore, in the buildings that are conserved for reuse, the main room should maintain its original daylight features. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the maintenance of daylight features in the restoration decisions of traditional dwellings. Within the scope of the study, daylight performance of the main rooms of Kaçıklar and Zabunlar Houses selected in Kula, Manisa was evaluated. The illuminance levels of the main rooms were measured during the four seasons; by calculating the ratio of the window area to the floor and wall areas, reflectance values of the surface materials and window glass permeability values were calculated. In the study, it was determined that the main room daylight performance of the Kaçıklar House was not sufficient for all four seasons, while it was for the Zabunlar House. As a result, while the restoration decisions are developed, opening the closed window in the main room of Kaçıklar House, cleaning the paint on the top windows and and selecting a light-coloured wall finishing material will increase the reflectance value and will positively affect the daylight performance; in Zabunlar House, on the other hand, removing the existing wooden glazing in the sofa in order to increase the daylight provided through the sofa and increasing the reflectance value by choosing a light-coloured wall finishing material will positively affect the daylight performance of the main room.

Kaynakça

  • Uluengin, N., Osmanlı Sivil Mimarisinde Pencere Açıklıklarının Gelişimi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, 1982.
  • Fontoynont, M., Daylight Performance of Buildings, France, Rroutledge, Earthscan, 177-222, 1999.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), Daylight in Buildings, Berkeley, CA: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2000.
  • Ochoa, C.E., Aries, M.B.C. van Loenen, E.J., Hensen, J.L.M., Considerations on Design Optimization Criteria for Windows Providing Low Energy Consumption and High Visual Comfort, Applied Energy, 95, 238-245, 2012.
  • Shen, H., Tzempelikos, A., Sensitivity Analysis on Daylighting and Energy Performance of Perimeter Offices with Automated Shading, Building and Environment, 59, 303-314, 2013.
  • Fontenelle, M.R., Bastos, L.E.G., The Multicriteria Approach in the Architecture Conception: Defining Windows for an Office Building in Rio de Janerio, Building and Environment, 74, 96-105, 2014.
  • Garnier, C., Muneer, T., McCauley, L., Super insulated aerogel windows: impact on daylighting and thermal performance, Building and Environment, 94, 231-238, 2015.
  • Acosta I., Campano, M.A., Molina, J.F., Window Design in Architecture: Analysis of Energy Savings for Lighting and Visual Comfort in Residential Spaces, Applied Energy, 168, 493-506, 2016.
  • Konis, K., Evaluating Daylighting Effectiveness and Occupant Visual Comfort in A Side-Lit Open-Plan Office Building in San Francisco, California, Building and Environment, 59, 662-677, 2013.
  • Turan, I., Chegut, A., Fink, D., Reinhart C., The Value of Daylight in Office Spaces, Building and Environment, 168, 15 January, 2020.
  • Köse, B., Kazanasmaz, T., Applicability of a Prismatic Panel to Optimize Window Size and Depth of a South-facing Room for a Better Daylight Performance, Light and Engineering, 28(4) 63-67, 2020.
  • Koohsari, M., Shahin, H., Optimizing Window Size by Integrating Energy and Lighting Analyses Considering Occupants’ Visual Satisfaction, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11 (4), 673-686, 2021.
  • Ekici, K., Kazanasmaz Z. T., Turrina M., Taşgetiren, M. F., Sariyildiza, I. S., Multi-Zone Optimisation of High-Rise Buildings Using Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Metropolises. Part 2: Optimisation Problems, Algorithms, results, and method validation, Solar Energy, 224, 309-326, 2021.
  • Halifeoğlu, F. M., Dalkılıç, N., Murt, Ö., Tarihi Diyarbakır Camilerinde Aydınlatma, 3. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ankara, 219-226, 23-25 Kasım, 2005.
  • Direk, Y.S., Oğuz, G.P., Diyarbakır Ulu Cami, Şafiiler Bölümünün Doğal Aydınlatma Açısından İrdelenmesi, Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası 3. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ankara, 227-231, 23-25 Kasım, 2005.
  • Çetinkaya, N., Bakır, İ., Tarihi Eser Aydınlatma Tasarımlarında Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Önemli Hususlar: Susuz Han Örneği, 5. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ulusal Elektrik Tesisat Kongresi, İzmir, 101-105, 7-10 Mayıs, 2009.
  • Khoukhi, M., Gomez, A.M., Al Kaabi S., Shbeikat W., Amairi, H., Investigating the Daylight Levels for Functional Needs in UAE Forts, Cogent Engineering, 7 (1), 1-19, 2020.
  • Mirkazemi, M.S., Mousavi S.Y., The Way of Using Daylight in the Process of Historic Buildings Reconstruction via Via New Construction Technology (Case Study: Safa Bath), Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12 (13), 4459-4464, 2021.
  • Soleimani, K., Abdollahzadeh, N., Zomorodian, Z.S., Improving Daylight Availability in Heritage Buildings: A Case Study of Below-grade Classrooms in Tehran, Journal of Daylighting, 8, 120-133, 2021.
  • Sakarellou-Tousi, N., Lau, B., The Vernacular Dwellings of Mount Pelion in Greece: A migratory living pattern, PLEA, 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quevec City, Canada, 794-799, 2009.
  • Almaiyah, S., Elkadi, H., Study on the Visual Performance of a Traditional Residential Neighborhood in Old Cairo, Journal of Urban Technlogy, 19(4), 59-86, 2012.
  • Aykal, D., Gümüş, B., Ünver, F.R., Murt, Ö., An Approach to the Evaluation of Re-Functioned Historical Buildings in View of Natural Lighting, a Case Study in Di̇yarbakir Turkey, Light and Engineering 19, 64–76, 2011.
  • Oikonomou, A., Architectural Structure and Environmental Performance of Traditional Buildings in Northern Greece, In BioCultural 2015 - International Conference on Sustainability in Architectural Cultural Heritage, Limassol, Cyprus, 87–96, 2015.
  • Xuan, H., Wu, C., Su, W., Daylighting Analysis of Vernacular Architecture in Guizhou Province, China, In 30th International Plea Conference, CEPT University, 1–8, 2014.
  • Sayın, S., Geleneksel Türk Evinin Doğal Aydınlatma Açısından İncelenmesi; Kemaliye, Bilgi ve Safranbolu Evleri, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Michael, A., Heracleous, C., Malaktou, E., Savvides, A., Lighting Performance in Rural Vernacular Architecture in Cyprus: Field Studies and Simulation Analysis, PLEA 2015, Bologna, Italy, 2015.
  • Michael, A., Heracleous, C., Thravalou, S., Philokyprou, M., Lighting Performance of Urban Vernacular Architecture in the East-Mediterranean Ares: Field Study and Simulation Analysis, Indoor and Building Environment, 26 (4), 471-487, 2017.
  • Manurung, P., Daylighting and architectural concept of traditional architecture: The Tongkonan in Toraja, Indonesia, A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 14 (1), 111-126, 2017.
  • Hosseini, S.M., Mohammadi, M., Rosemann, A., Schröder, T., Quantitative Investigation Through Climate-Based Daylight Metrics of Visual Comfort Due to Colorful Glass and Orosi Windows in Iranian Architecture, Journal of Daylighting, 5, 21-33, 2018. Doi:10.15627/jd.2018.5.
  • Fitriaty, P., Shen, Z., Achsan, A.C., Daylighting Strategies in Tropical Coastal Area: A Lesson from Vernacular Houses, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 7 (2), 75-91 2019.
  • Hosseini, S.N., Hosseini, S.M., HeiraniPour, M., The Role of Orosi’s Islamic Geometric Patterns in the Building Facade Design for Improving Occupants’ Daylight Performance, Journal of Daylighting, 7, 201-221, 2020. Doi:10.15627/jd.2020.18.
  • Ghofrani, M., Sadeghi, P., Samadi, N., Shahbazi, Y., Ahmadnejad, F., Daylight Analysis in Qajar Era Houses of Tabriz, Iran, 5th International Conference on Applied Research in Science and Engineering at the University of Amsterdam in Netherlands, Amsterdam, 2020.
  • Amoêda, R., Carneiro, S., Daylighting Simulation on Restoration Projects of vernacular Architecture: An Application of DIALux® evo 9.1, HERITAGE 2020, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, 163-176, 2020.
  • Blades, N., Mardaljevic, J., Lithgow, K., Cannon-Brookes, S., O’Hagan, L., McGrady S., Improved Daylight Management of Historic Showrooms: A Methodology Based on Detailed Recording and Analysis, Studies in Conservation, 65, 18-24, 2020.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), The Society of Light and Lighting - Code for Lighting, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009.
  • Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), The Lighting Handbook Reference and Application/10thEdition, 2011.
  • TS/EN 12464-1 / Light and Lighting – Lighting of Workplaces, 2011.
  • Erlalelitepe İ., Aral D. Kazanasmaz T., Eğitim Yapılarının Doğal Aydınlatma Performansı Açısından İncelenmesi, Megaron, 6 (1), 39-51, 2011.
  • Fontoynont, M., Berruto, V., Daylighting Performance of Buildings: Monitoring Procedure, Right Light, 4 (21), 119-127, 1997.
  • Ünver, F.R., Aydınlatma Enerji Kullanımı, Elektroken, İstanbul, 1, 110-115, 2000.
  • BS 8206-2 / Lighting for Building: Code of Practice for Daylighting, 1992.
  • DIN 5034-4 / Daylight in Interiors- Simplified Regulation for Minimum Window Sizes, 1994.
  • Boubekri, M. A., Overview of the Current State of Daylight Legislation, Journal of the Human - Environmental System, 7 (2), 57-63, 2004.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), Code for Interior Lighting, London, 1994.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), Working Plane Illuminance in Electrically Lit Spaces, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
  • Reinhart, C., Selkowitz, S., Daylighting-Light, Form and People, Energy and Buildings, 38, 715–717, 2006.
  • Battal, C., Evaluation of Window Design and Daylight Performance of Main Room in Kula Houses, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2020.
  • Tregenza, P., Loe, D., The Design of Lighting, London: E and FN Spon, 1998.
  • Jakubiec, J. A., Building a Database of Opaque Materials for Lighting Simulation, in Proceedings of PLEA Los Angeles - 36th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2016.

Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 1519 - 1532, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353

Öz

Geleneksel konutlarda özgün mekân niteliklerini belirleyen özellikler arasında doğal aydınlatma, başlıca etmenlerden biridir. Mekânların doğal aydınlatma özellikleri, özgün mekân atmosferini de belirler ve kullanım kararlarında korunması gerekli özellikler arasında değerlendirilmelidir. Anadolu’daki geleneksel konutlarda, başoda, çıkmalı ve üç yönden pencerelerle çevrili en gösterişli mekândır. Bu nedenle, yeniden kullanılmak üzere onarılan yapılarda başoda, özgün doğal aydınlatma özelliklerini sürdürmelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geleneksel konutların onarım kararlarında, doğal aydınlatma özelliklerinin sürdürülmesine dikkat çekmektir. Çalışma kapsamında Manisa, Kula’da seçilen Kaçıklar ve Zabunlar Evleri başodalarının doğal aydınlatma performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Dört mevsim boyunca başodaların aydınlık düzeyi değerleri ölçülmüş; pencere alanı ile taban ve duvar alanları oranları hesaplanarak, yüzeyleri oluşturan malzemelerin yansıtma çarpan değerleri ve pencere camının düzgün geçirme çarpan değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada, Kaçıklar Evi’nin başoda doğal aydınlatma performansının dört mevsim için yetersiz, Zabunlar Evi’nin ise yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, onarım kararları geliştirilirken Kaçıklar Evi’nin başodasında kapatılmış pencerenin açılması, tepe pencerelerindeki boyaların temizlenmesi ve duvar bitiş malzemesinin daha açık renk seçilerek yansıtma çarpanı değerinin arttırılması, doğal aydınlatma değerlerini olumlu etkileyecek, Zabunlar Evi’nde ise sofa yönünden sağlanan günışığının artırılması için sofada bulunan mevcut ahşap doğramalı camekânın kaldırılması ve duvar bitiş malzemesinin açık renkte seçilerek yansıtma çarpanı değerinin yükseltilmesi, başodanın aydınlatma düzeyini olumlu etkileyecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Uluengin, N., Osmanlı Sivil Mimarisinde Pencere Açıklıklarının Gelişimi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, 1982.
  • Fontoynont, M., Daylight Performance of Buildings, France, Rroutledge, Earthscan, 177-222, 1999.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), Daylight in Buildings, Berkeley, CA: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2000.
  • Ochoa, C.E., Aries, M.B.C. van Loenen, E.J., Hensen, J.L.M., Considerations on Design Optimization Criteria for Windows Providing Low Energy Consumption and High Visual Comfort, Applied Energy, 95, 238-245, 2012.
  • Shen, H., Tzempelikos, A., Sensitivity Analysis on Daylighting and Energy Performance of Perimeter Offices with Automated Shading, Building and Environment, 59, 303-314, 2013.
  • Fontenelle, M.R., Bastos, L.E.G., The Multicriteria Approach in the Architecture Conception: Defining Windows for an Office Building in Rio de Janerio, Building and Environment, 74, 96-105, 2014.
  • Garnier, C., Muneer, T., McCauley, L., Super insulated aerogel windows: impact on daylighting and thermal performance, Building and Environment, 94, 231-238, 2015.
  • Acosta I., Campano, M.A., Molina, J.F., Window Design in Architecture: Analysis of Energy Savings for Lighting and Visual Comfort in Residential Spaces, Applied Energy, 168, 493-506, 2016.
  • Konis, K., Evaluating Daylighting Effectiveness and Occupant Visual Comfort in A Side-Lit Open-Plan Office Building in San Francisco, California, Building and Environment, 59, 662-677, 2013.
  • Turan, I., Chegut, A., Fink, D., Reinhart C., The Value of Daylight in Office Spaces, Building and Environment, 168, 15 January, 2020.
  • Köse, B., Kazanasmaz, T., Applicability of a Prismatic Panel to Optimize Window Size and Depth of a South-facing Room for a Better Daylight Performance, Light and Engineering, 28(4) 63-67, 2020.
  • Koohsari, M., Shahin, H., Optimizing Window Size by Integrating Energy and Lighting Analyses Considering Occupants’ Visual Satisfaction, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11 (4), 673-686, 2021.
  • Ekici, K., Kazanasmaz Z. T., Turrina M., Taşgetiren, M. F., Sariyildiza, I. S., Multi-Zone Optimisation of High-Rise Buildings Using Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Metropolises. Part 2: Optimisation Problems, Algorithms, results, and method validation, Solar Energy, 224, 309-326, 2021.
  • Halifeoğlu, F. M., Dalkılıç, N., Murt, Ö., Tarihi Diyarbakır Camilerinde Aydınlatma, 3. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ankara, 219-226, 23-25 Kasım, 2005.
  • Direk, Y.S., Oğuz, G.P., Diyarbakır Ulu Cami, Şafiiler Bölümünün Doğal Aydınlatma Açısından İrdelenmesi, Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası 3. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ankara, 227-231, 23-25 Kasım, 2005.
  • Çetinkaya, N., Bakır, İ., Tarihi Eser Aydınlatma Tasarımlarında Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Önemli Hususlar: Susuz Han Örneği, 5. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu, Ulusal Elektrik Tesisat Kongresi, İzmir, 101-105, 7-10 Mayıs, 2009.
  • Khoukhi, M., Gomez, A.M., Al Kaabi S., Shbeikat W., Amairi, H., Investigating the Daylight Levels for Functional Needs in UAE Forts, Cogent Engineering, 7 (1), 1-19, 2020.
  • Mirkazemi, M.S., Mousavi S.Y., The Way of Using Daylight in the Process of Historic Buildings Reconstruction via Via New Construction Technology (Case Study: Safa Bath), Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12 (13), 4459-4464, 2021.
  • Soleimani, K., Abdollahzadeh, N., Zomorodian, Z.S., Improving Daylight Availability in Heritage Buildings: A Case Study of Below-grade Classrooms in Tehran, Journal of Daylighting, 8, 120-133, 2021.
  • Sakarellou-Tousi, N., Lau, B., The Vernacular Dwellings of Mount Pelion in Greece: A migratory living pattern, PLEA, 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quevec City, Canada, 794-799, 2009.
  • Almaiyah, S., Elkadi, H., Study on the Visual Performance of a Traditional Residential Neighborhood in Old Cairo, Journal of Urban Technlogy, 19(4), 59-86, 2012.
  • Aykal, D., Gümüş, B., Ünver, F.R., Murt, Ö., An Approach to the Evaluation of Re-Functioned Historical Buildings in View of Natural Lighting, a Case Study in Di̇yarbakir Turkey, Light and Engineering 19, 64–76, 2011.
  • Oikonomou, A., Architectural Structure and Environmental Performance of Traditional Buildings in Northern Greece, In BioCultural 2015 - International Conference on Sustainability in Architectural Cultural Heritage, Limassol, Cyprus, 87–96, 2015.
  • Xuan, H., Wu, C., Su, W., Daylighting Analysis of Vernacular Architecture in Guizhou Province, China, In 30th International Plea Conference, CEPT University, 1–8, 2014.
  • Sayın, S., Geleneksel Türk Evinin Doğal Aydınlatma Açısından İncelenmesi; Kemaliye, Bilgi ve Safranbolu Evleri, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Michael, A., Heracleous, C., Malaktou, E., Savvides, A., Lighting Performance in Rural Vernacular Architecture in Cyprus: Field Studies and Simulation Analysis, PLEA 2015, Bologna, Italy, 2015.
  • Michael, A., Heracleous, C., Thravalou, S., Philokyprou, M., Lighting Performance of Urban Vernacular Architecture in the East-Mediterranean Ares: Field Study and Simulation Analysis, Indoor and Building Environment, 26 (4), 471-487, 2017.
  • Manurung, P., Daylighting and architectural concept of traditional architecture: The Tongkonan in Toraja, Indonesia, A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 14 (1), 111-126, 2017.
  • Hosseini, S.M., Mohammadi, M., Rosemann, A., Schröder, T., Quantitative Investigation Through Climate-Based Daylight Metrics of Visual Comfort Due to Colorful Glass and Orosi Windows in Iranian Architecture, Journal of Daylighting, 5, 21-33, 2018. Doi:10.15627/jd.2018.5.
  • Fitriaty, P., Shen, Z., Achsan, A.C., Daylighting Strategies in Tropical Coastal Area: A Lesson from Vernacular Houses, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 7 (2), 75-91 2019.
  • Hosseini, S.N., Hosseini, S.M., HeiraniPour, M., The Role of Orosi’s Islamic Geometric Patterns in the Building Facade Design for Improving Occupants’ Daylight Performance, Journal of Daylighting, 7, 201-221, 2020. Doi:10.15627/jd.2020.18.
  • Ghofrani, M., Sadeghi, P., Samadi, N., Shahbazi, Y., Ahmadnejad, F., Daylight Analysis in Qajar Era Houses of Tabriz, Iran, 5th International Conference on Applied Research in Science and Engineering at the University of Amsterdam in Netherlands, Amsterdam, 2020.
  • Amoêda, R., Carneiro, S., Daylighting Simulation on Restoration Projects of vernacular Architecture: An Application of DIALux® evo 9.1, HERITAGE 2020, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, 163-176, 2020.
  • Blades, N., Mardaljevic, J., Lithgow, K., Cannon-Brookes, S., O’Hagan, L., McGrady S., Improved Daylight Management of Historic Showrooms: A Methodology Based on Detailed Recording and Analysis, Studies in Conservation, 65, 18-24, 2020.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), The Society of Light and Lighting - Code for Lighting, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009.
  • Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), The Lighting Handbook Reference and Application/10thEdition, 2011.
  • TS/EN 12464-1 / Light and Lighting – Lighting of Workplaces, 2011.
  • Erlalelitepe İ., Aral D. Kazanasmaz T., Eğitim Yapılarının Doğal Aydınlatma Performansı Açısından İncelenmesi, Megaron, 6 (1), 39-51, 2011.
  • Fontoynont, M., Berruto, V., Daylighting Performance of Buildings: Monitoring Procedure, Right Light, 4 (21), 119-127, 1997.
  • Ünver, F.R., Aydınlatma Enerji Kullanımı, Elektroken, İstanbul, 1, 110-115, 2000.
  • BS 8206-2 / Lighting for Building: Code of Practice for Daylighting, 1992.
  • DIN 5034-4 / Daylight in Interiors- Simplified Regulation for Minimum Window Sizes, 1994.
  • Boubekri, M. A., Overview of the Current State of Daylight Legislation, Journal of the Human - Environmental System, 7 (2), 57-63, 2004.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), Code for Interior Lighting, London, 1994.
  • Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), Working Plane Illuminance in Electrically Lit Spaces, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
  • Reinhart, C., Selkowitz, S., Daylighting-Light, Form and People, Energy and Buildings, 38, 715–717, 2006.
  • Battal, C., Evaluation of Window Design and Daylight Performance of Main Room in Kula Houses, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2020.
  • Tregenza, P., Loe, D., The Design of Lighting, London: E and FN Spon, 1998.
  • Jakubiec, J. A., Building a Database of Opaque Materials for Lighting Simulation, in Proceedings of PLEA Los Angeles - 36th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2016.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cansu Battal 0000-0002-3490-5639

Tuğçe Kazanasmaz 0000-0001-7844-1373

Başak İpekoğlu 0000-0001-7747-6670

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Battal, C., Kazanasmaz, T., & İpekoğlu, B. (2023). Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(3), 1519-1532. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353
AMA Battal C, Kazanasmaz T, İpekoğlu B. Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda. GUMMFD. Ocak 2023;38(3):1519-1532. doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353
Chicago Battal, Cansu, Tuğçe Kazanasmaz, ve Başak İpekoğlu. “Geleneksel Konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula Geleneksel konutlarında başoda”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38, sy. 3 (Ocak 2023): 1519-32. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353.
EndNote Battal C, Kazanasmaz T, İpekoğlu B (01 Ocak 2023) Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38 3 1519–1532.
IEEE C. Battal, T. Kazanasmaz, ve B. İpekoğlu, “Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda”, GUMMFD, c. 38, sy. 3, ss. 1519–1532, 2023, doi: 10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353.
ISNAD Battal, Cansu vd. “Geleneksel Konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula Geleneksel konutlarında başoda”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38/3 (Ocak 2023), 1519-1532. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353.
JAMA Battal C, Kazanasmaz T, İpekoğlu B. Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda. GUMMFD. 2023;38:1519–1532.
MLA Battal, Cansu vd. “Geleneksel Konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula Geleneksel konutlarında başoda”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 38, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 1519-32, doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.1024353.
Vancouver Battal C, Kazanasmaz T, İpekoğlu B. Geleneksel konutlarda günışığı aydınlığının değerlendirilmesi: Kula geleneksel konutlarında başoda. GUMMFD. 2023;38(3):1519-32.