Derleme
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REE'lerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Çeşitli Analitik Teknikler Üzerine Bir Derleme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 265 - 275, 20.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.892290

Öz

Son yıllarda geleneksel enerji kaynaklarından temiz enerjiye geçiş nedeniyle, özellikle fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı NTE'lere olan ihtiyacın dünya genelinde önümüzdeki yıllarda sürekli bir artış olacağı belirtilmektedir. Nadir toprak elementlerinin temel kaynakları, bastnazit, monazit ve ksenotim vb. mineralleridir. Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE) kendine özgü, benzersiz özelliklere sahiptir ve birçok yüksek teknoloji uygulamasında gerekli hale gelmektedir. Bu nedenle, NTE'ler endüstriyel iyileştirme gibi uygulamalar için kullanılmaktadır. Endüstriyel üretimde, nadir toprak elementi içeren kompleks cevherler fiziksel cevher zenginleştirme prosesleriyle deriştirirler. Yüksek kalitede ve daha iyi miktarda REE üretmek için paylaşılan benzer özellikler nedeniyle nadir toprak ayrıştırmasının hem karmaşık hem de zor olabileceğini vurgulamakta fayda var. Bunun için, bu çalışmada önerilen süreçler, yeşil kimya, çözücü ekstraksiyonu, membran filtrasyonu, ardışık ekstraksiyon ve zenginleştirme, adsorpsiyon tekniği yoluyla NTE'nin geri kazanımı üzerine bir kılavuza sahiptir. Bu derleme, NTE'lerin geri kazanımı için şimdiye kadar yapılan ayırma ve saflaştırma çalışmaları hakkında dikkate değer bilgi sağlamaya çalışmaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Kırklareli Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Agostini, S., Savaşçın, M.Y., di Giuseppe, P., di Stefano, F., Karaoğlu, Ö., Lustrino, M., Manetti, P., Ersoy, Y., Kürüm, S., Öztüfekçi Önal, A., 2019. Neogene volcanism in Elazığ-Tunceli area (eastern Anatolia): geochronological and petrological constraints. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 138:435–455.
  • Akıska, E., Karakas, Z., Öztürk C., 2019. Uranium, Thorium and Rare Earth Element Deposits of Turkey. In: Pirajno F., Ünlü T., Dönmez C., Şahin M. (eds) Mineral Resources of Turkey. Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences (Springer, Cham.), 16:655–679.
  • Ali, T.A., Mohamed, G.G., 2015. Potentiometric determination of La(III) in polluted water samples using modified screen-printed electrode by self-assembled mercapto compound on silver nanoparticles. Sensors&Actuators, B, 216:542–550.
  • Amaral, C.D.B., Machado, R.C., Barros, J.A.V.A., Virgilio, A., Schiavo, D., Nogueira, A.R.A., Nóbrega, J.A., 2017. Determination of rare earth elements in geological and agricultural samples by ICP-OES. Spectroscopy, 32(10):32–36.
  • Ashour, R.M., Abdel-Magied, A.F., Abdel-khalek, A.A., Helaly, O.S., Ali, M.M. 2016. Preparation and characterization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by l-cysteine: Adsorption and desorption behavior for rare earth metal ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3):3114–3121.
  • Atalay, Ü., Özbayoğlu, G., 1995. Benefication of Beylikahir Complex Rare Earth Deposit of Turkey. Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, 29:19–29.
  • Ault, T., Krahn, S., Croff, A., 2015. Radiological Impacts and Regulation of Rare Earth Elements in Non-Nuclear Energy Production. Eneries, 8:2066–2081.
  • Berke, M.S., 2014. Eskişehir-Beylikahır Kompleks Cevheri Lantanit Grubu Elementlerin Toryum ve Uranyumdan Metalurjik Proseslerle Ekstraksiyonu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Biju, V.M., Prasada Rao T., 2005. FAAS determination of selected rare earth elements coupled with multielement solid phase extractive preconcentration. Chemia Analityczna, 50 (2005) 935–944.
  • Chen, S., Yan, J., Li, J., Lu, D., 2019. Magnetic ZnFe2O4 nanotubes for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of trace rare earth elements prior to their determination by ICP-MS. Microchimica Acta, 186(4):1–7.
  • Callura, J.C., Perkins, K.M., Noack, C.W., Washburn, N.R., Dzombak, D.A., Karamalidis, A.K. 2018. Selective adsorption of rare earth elements onto functionalized silica particles. Green Chemistry, 20(7):1515–1526.
  • Deady, E., Goodenough K., Lacinska A., Hardy L., Shaw R., 2016. Rare earth element placer deposits and alkaline volcanics: a case study from Aksu Diamas, Çanaklı, Turkey. Applied Earth Science, 125:79–80.
  • El-Taher, A., 2007. Rare-earth elements in Egyptian granite by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65(4):458–464.
  • Fu, Q., Yang, L., Wang, Q., 2007. On-line preconcentration with a novel alkyl phosphinic acid extraction resin coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of trace rare earth elements in seawater. Talanta, 72:1248–1254.
  • Ganjali, M.R., Zare-Dorabei, R., Norouzi, P., 2009. Design and construction of a novel optical sensor for determination of trace amounts of dysprosium ion. Sensors&Actuators, B, 143:233–238.
  • Gok, C., Seyhan, S., Merdivan, M., Yurdakoc, M., 2007. Separation and preconcentration of La3+, Ce3+ and Y3+ using calix[4]resorcinarene impregnated on polymeric support. Microchimica Acta, 157:13–19.
  • Greaves, M.J., Elderfield, H., Klinkhammer, G.P., 1989. Determination of the rare earth elements in natural waters by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 218:265–280.
  • Gupta, N.K., Gupta, A., Ramteke, P., Sahoo, H., Sengupta, A., 2018. Biosorption-a green method for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REEs) from waste solutions: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 274:148–164.
  • Henderson, P., 1984. General geochemical properties and abundances of the rare earth elements. Developments in Geochemistry, 1–32.
  • Hidayah, N.N., Abidin, S.Z., 2017. The evolution of mineral processing in extraction of rare earth elements using solid-liquid extraction over liquid-liquid extraction: A review. Minerals Engineering, 112, 103–113.
  • Huang, X., Dong, J., Wang, L., Feng, Z., Xue, Q., Meng, X., 2017. Selective recovery of rare earth elements from ion-adsorption rare earth element ores by stepwise extraction with HEH(EHP) and HDEHP. Green Chemistry, 19(5):1345–1352.
  • Jaroni, M.S., Friedrich, B., Letmathe, P., 2019. Economical feasibility of rare earth mining outside China. Minerals, 9:576–594.
  • Karadaǧ, M.M., Küpeli, Ş., Arık, F., Ayhan, A., Zedef, V., Döyen, A., 2009. Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and genetic implications of the Mortaş-bauxite deposit (Seydişehir/Konya Southern Turkey). Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry, 69:143-159.
  • Karadaş, C., Kara, D., 2014. Determination of rare earth elements by solid phase extraction using chemically modified Amberlite XAD-4 resin and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 225:1–10.
  • Karadaş, C., Kara, D., Fisher, A., 2011. Determination of rare earth elements in seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with off-line column preconcentration using 2,6-diacetylpyridine functionalized Amber lite XAD-4. Analytica Chimica Acta, 689:184–189.
  • Kopar, İ., Çelik, M.A., Bayram, H., 2018. Kapadokya Volkanik Provensi’ndeki volkan rölyefinin antropojenik degradasyonu üzerine bir analiz. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 71:37–46.
  • Kul, M., Topkaya, Y., Karakaya, İ., 2008. Rare earth double sulfates from pre-concentrated bastnasite. Hydrometallurgy, 93(3-4):129–135.
  • Kürüm, S., Özdemir, N., 2020. Erzerum Bölgesinde Palandöken Volkanik Kayaçlarının Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri, Doğu Anadolu, Türkiye. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences,6(2):42–60.
  • Léniz-Pizarro, F., Liu, C., Colburn, A., Escobar, I.C., Bhattacharyya, D., 2021. Positively charged nanofiltration membrane synthesis, transport models, and lanthanides separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 620: 118973.
  • Masi, A.N., Olsina, R.A., 1993. Preconcentration and determination of Ce, La and Pr by X-ray fluorescence analysis, using Amberlite XAD resins loaded with 8-Quinolinol and 2-(2-(5 chloropyridylazo)-5-dimethylamino)-phenol. Talanta, 40(6), 931–934.
  • Monazam, E., Siriwardane, R., Miller, D., McIntyre, D., 2018. Rate analysis of sorption of Ce3+, Sm3+, and Yb3+ ions from aqueous solution using Dowex 50W-X8 as a sorbent in a continuous flow reactor. Journal of Rare Earths, 36(6):648–655.
  • Nasab, M.E., Sam, A., Milani, S.A., 2011. Determination of optimum process conditions for the separation of thorium and rare earth elements by solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy, 106(3-4):141–147.
  • Öztürk, H., Hanilçi, N., Altuncu, S., Kasapçı, C., 2019. Rare earth element (REE) resources of Turkey: An overview of their characteristics and origin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 159:129–143.
  • Suli, L.M., Ibrahim, W.H.W., Aziz, B.A., Deraman, M.R., Ismail, N.A., 2017. A Review of Rare Earth Mineral Processing Technology. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin, 19:20-35.
  • Platevoet, B., Elitok, Ö., Guillou, H., Bardintzeff, J.M., Yagmurlu, F., Nomade, S., Poisson, A., Deniel, C., Özgür, N. 2014. Petrology of Quaternary volcanic rocks and related plutonic xenoliths from Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey: Origin and evolution of the high-K alkaline series. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 92:53–76.
  • Quinn, J.E., Soldenhoff, K.H., Stevens, G.W., Lengkeek, N.A., 2015. Solvent extraction of rare earth elements using phosphonic/phosphinic acid mixtures. Hydrometallurgy, 157:298–305.
  • Quinn, J.E., Soldenhoff, K.H., Stevens, G.W., 2017. Solvent extraction of rare earth elements using a bifunctional ionic liquid. Part 2: Separation of rare earth elements. Hydrometallurgy, 169:621–628.
  • Rao, C.R.M., Sahuquillo, A., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., 2010. Comparison of single and sequential extraction procedures for the study of rare earth elements remobilisation in different types of soils. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(2):128–136.
  • Reka, A.A., Pavlovski, B., Fazlija, E., Berisha, A., Pacarizi, M., Daghmehchi, M., Sacalis, C., Jovanovski, G., Makreski, P., Oral, A., 2021. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application. Open Chemistry, 19:451–461.
  • Romero-Freire, A., Minguez, L., Pelletier, M., Cayer, A., Caillet, C., Devin, S., Giamberini, L., 2018. Assessment of baseline ecotoxicity of sediments from a prospective mining area enriched in light rare earth elements. Science of The Total Environment, 612:831–839.
  • Simandl, G.J., Stone, R.S., Paradis, S., Fajber, R., Reid, H.M., Grattan, K., 2013. An assessment of a handheld X-ray fluorescence instrument for use in exploration and development with an emphasis on REEs and related specialty metals. Mineralium Deposita, 49(8):999–1012.
  • Takahashi, Y., Châtellier, X., Hattori, K.H., Kato, K., Fortin, D., 2005. Adsorption of rare earth elements onto bacteria cell walls and its implication for REE sorption onto natural microbial mats. Chemical Geology, 219:53–67.
  • Vizioli, N., Gil, R., Martinez, L.D., Silva, M.F., 2009. On-line solid phase extraction CZE for the simultaneous determination of lanthanum and gadolinium at picogram per liter levels. Electrophoresis, 30:2681–2687.
  • Yıldız, A., Gürel, A., Dursun, Y.G., 2016. Physicochemical properties and uses of Karacaören area (Nevşehir) diatomite. Bulletin of The Mineral Research and Exploration, 152:165–180.
  • Waqar, F., Jan, S., Mohammad, B., Hakim, M., Alam, S., Yawar, W., 2009. Preconcentration of rare earth elements in seawater with chelating resin having fluorinated beta-diketone immobilized on styrene divinyl benzene for their determination by ICP-OES. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 56:335–340
  • Xie, F., Zhang, T.A., Dreisinger, D., Doyle, F., 2014. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering, 56:10–28.
  • Zang, Z.B., Yi King, L.K., Chu, K., Cheng, W.W., Cheng, W.W., 1982. Rare earth industry in China. Hydrometallurgy, 9(2):205–210.
  • Zhang, J., Wang, X., Dong, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., 2016a. Solid Phase Extraction of Rare Earth Elements in Deep Groundwater With Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes asAdsorbent for the Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma MassSpectrometry. Atomic Spectroscopy, 37(1):1–6.
  • Zhang, Q., He, M., Chen, B., Hu, B., 2016b. Preparation, characterization and application of Saussurea tridactyla Sch-Bip as green adsorbents for preconcentration of rare earth elements in environmental water samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 121:1–10.
  • Zhou, B., Li, Z., Chen, C., 2017. Global potential of rare earth resources and rare earth demand from clean technologies. Minerals, 7(11):203–14.

A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 265 - 275, 20.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.892290

Öz

Due to the transition from traditional energy sources to clean energy in recent years, it is stated that there will be a continuous increase in the need for REEs worldwide in the coming years owing to their especial physical and chemical properties. The principal sources of REEs are the minerals bastnazite, monazite, and xenotime, etc.. Rare earths have peculiar, unique properties and become essential in many high-tech applications. Therefore, the REEs is used for applications such as improvement of industrial. It is worth highlighting that the separation of rare earth can be both complex and challenging owing to similar properties which are shared to produce high quality and better quantity of REEs. In industrial production, complex ores containing rare earth elements are concentrated by physical ore beneficiation processes. For this, the processes proposed in this work possesses aguide on green chemistry, solvent extraction, membran filtration, adsorption of recovering REEs through stepwise extraction and enrichment technique. This review, attempts to provide notable information on the separation and purification efforts to date for the recovery of REEs.

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Agostini, S., Savaşçın, M.Y., di Giuseppe, P., di Stefano, F., Karaoğlu, Ö., Lustrino, M., Manetti, P., Ersoy, Y., Kürüm, S., Öztüfekçi Önal, A., 2019. Neogene volcanism in Elazığ-Tunceli area (eastern Anatolia): geochronological and petrological constraints. Italian Journal of Geosciences, 138:435–455.
  • Akıska, E., Karakas, Z., Öztürk C., 2019. Uranium, Thorium and Rare Earth Element Deposits of Turkey. In: Pirajno F., Ünlü T., Dönmez C., Şahin M. (eds) Mineral Resources of Turkey. Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences (Springer, Cham.), 16:655–679.
  • Ali, T.A., Mohamed, G.G., 2015. Potentiometric determination of La(III) in polluted water samples using modified screen-printed electrode by self-assembled mercapto compound on silver nanoparticles. Sensors&Actuators, B, 216:542–550.
  • Amaral, C.D.B., Machado, R.C., Barros, J.A.V.A., Virgilio, A., Schiavo, D., Nogueira, A.R.A., Nóbrega, J.A., 2017. Determination of rare earth elements in geological and agricultural samples by ICP-OES. Spectroscopy, 32(10):32–36.
  • Ashour, R.M., Abdel-Magied, A.F., Abdel-khalek, A.A., Helaly, O.S., Ali, M.M. 2016. Preparation and characterization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by l-cysteine: Adsorption and desorption behavior for rare earth metal ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3):3114–3121.
  • Atalay, Ü., Özbayoğlu, G., 1995. Benefication of Beylikahir Complex Rare Earth Deposit of Turkey. Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, 29:19–29.
  • Ault, T., Krahn, S., Croff, A., 2015. Radiological Impacts and Regulation of Rare Earth Elements in Non-Nuclear Energy Production. Eneries, 8:2066–2081.
  • Berke, M.S., 2014. Eskişehir-Beylikahır Kompleks Cevheri Lantanit Grubu Elementlerin Toryum ve Uranyumdan Metalurjik Proseslerle Ekstraksiyonu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Biju, V.M., Prasada Rao T., 2005. FAAS determination of selected rare earth elements coupled with multielement solid phase extractive preconcentration. Chemia Analityczna, 50 (2005) 935–944.
  • Chen, S., Yan, J., Li, J., Lu, D., 2019. Magnetic ZnFe2O4 nanotubes for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of trace rare earth elements prior to their determination by ICP-MS. Microchimica Acta, 186(4):1–7.
  • Callura, J.C., Perkins, K.M., Noack, C.W., Washburn, N.R., Dzombak, D.A., Karamalidis, A.K. 2018. Selective adsorption of rare earth elements onto functionalized silica particles. Green Chemistry, 20(7):1515–1526.
  • Deady, E., Goodenough K., Lacinska A., Hardy L., Shaw R., 2016. Rare earth element placer deposits and alkaline volcanics: a case study from Aksu Diamas, Çanaklı, Turkey. Applied Earth Science, 125:79–80.
  • El-Taher, A., 2007. Rare-earth elements in Egyptian granite by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65(4):458–464.
  • Fu, Q., Yang, L., Wang, Q., 2007. On-line preconcentration with a novel alkyl phosphinic acid extraction resin coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of trace rare earth elements in seawater. Talanta, 72:1248–1254.
  • Ganjali, M.R., Zare-Dorabei, R., Norouzi, P., 2009. Design and construction of a novel optical sensor for determination of trace amounts of dysprosium ion. Sensors&Actuators, B, 143:233–238.
  • Gok, C., Seyhan, S., Merdivan, M., Yurdakoc, M., 2007. Separation and preconcentration of La3+, Ce3+ and Y3+ using calix[4]resorcinarene impregnated on polymeric support. Microchimica Acta, 157:13–19.
  • Greaves, M.J., Elderfield, H., Klinkhammer, G.P., 1989. Determination of the rare earth elements in natural waters by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 218:265–280.
  • Gupta, N.K., Gupta, A., Ramteke, P., Sahoo, H., Sengupta, A., 2018. Biosorption-a green method for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REEs) from waste solutions: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 274:148–164.
  • Henderson, P., 1984. General geochemical properties and abundances of the rare earth elements. Developments in Geochemistry, 1–32.
  • Hidayah, N.N., Abidin, S.Z., 2017. The evolution of mineral processing in extraction of rare earth elements using solid-liquid extraction over liquid-liquid extraction: A review. Minerals Engineering, 112, 103–113.
  • Huang, X., Dong, J., Wang, L., Feng, Z., Xue, Q., Meng, X., 2017. Selective recovery of rare earth elements from ion-adsorption rare earth element ores by stepwise extraction with HEH(EHP) and HDEHP. Green Chemistry, 19(5):1345–1352.
  • Jaroni, M.S., Friedrich, B., Letmathe, P., 2019. Economical feasibility of rare earth mining outside China. Minerals, 9:576–594.
  • Karadaǧ, M.M., Küpeli, Ş., Arık, F., Ayhan, A., Zedef, V., Döyen, A., 2009. Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and genetic implications of the Mortaş-bauxite deposit (Seydişehir/Konya Southern Turkey). Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry, 69:143-159.
  • Karadaş, C., Kara, D., 2014. Determination of rare earth elements by solid phase extraction using chemically modified Amberlite XAD-4 resin and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 225:1–10.
  • Karadaş, C., Kara, D., Fisher, A., 2011. Determination of rare earth elements in seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with off-line column preconcentration using 2,6-diacetylpyridine functionalized Amber lite XAD-4. Analytica Chimica Acta, 689:184–189.
  • Kopar, İ., Çelik, M.A., Bayram, H., 2018. Kapadokya Volkanik Provensi’ndeki volkan rölyefinin antropojenik degradasyonu üzerine bir analiz. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 71:37–46.
  • Kul, M., Topkaya, Y., Karakaya, İ., 2008. Rare earth double sulfates from pre-concentrated bastnasite. Hydrometallurgy, 93(3-4):129–135.
  • Kürüm, S., Özdemir, N., 2020. Erzerum Bölgesinde Palandöken Volkanik Kayaçlarının Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri, Doğu Anadolu, Türkiye. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences,6(2):42–60.
  • Léniz-Pizarro, F., Liu, C., Colburn, A., Escobar, I.C., Bhattacharyya, D., 2021. Positively charged nanofiltration membrane synthesis, transport models, and lanthanides separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 620: 118973.
  • Masi, A.N., Olsina, R.A., 1993. Preconcentration and determination of Ce, La and Pr by X-ray fluorescence analysis, using Amberlite XAD resins loaded with 8-Quinolinol and 2-(2-(5 chloropyridylazo)-5-dimethylamino)-phenol. Talanta, 40(6), 931–934.
  • Monazam, E., Siriwardane, R., Miller, D., McIntyre, D., 2018. Rate analysis of sorption of Ce3+, Sm3+, and Yb3+ ions from aqueous solution using Dowex 50W-X8 as a sorbent in a continuous flow reactor. Journal of Rare Earths, 36(6):648–655.
  • Nasab, M.E., Sam, A., Milani, S.A., 2011. Determination of optimum process conditions for the separation of thorium and rare earth elements by solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy, 106(3-4):141–147.
  • Öztürk, H., Hanilçi, N., Altuncu, S., Kasapçı, C., 2019. Rare earth element (REE) resources of Turkey: An overview of their characteristics and origin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 159:129–143.
  • Suli, L.M., Ibrahim, W.H.W., Aziz, B.A., Deraman, M.R., Ismail, N.A., 2017. A Review of Rare Earth Mineral Processing Technology. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin, 19:20-35.
  • Platevoet, B., Elitok, Ö., Guillou, H., Bardintzeff, J.M., Yagmurlu, F., Nomade, S., Poisson, A., Deniel, C., Özgür, N. 2014. Petrology of Quaternary volcanic rocks and related plutonic xenoliths from Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey: Origin and evolution of the high-K alkaline series. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 92:53–76.
  • Quinn, J.E., Soldenhoff, K.H., Stevens, G.W., Lengkeek, N.A., 2015. Solvent extraction of rare earth elements using phosphonic/phosphinic acid mixtures. Hydrometallurgy, 157:298–305.
  • Quinn, J.E., Soldenhoff, K.H., Stevens, G.W., 2017. Solvent extraction of rare earth elements using a bifunctional ionic liquid. Part 2: Separation of rare earth elements. Hydrometallurgy, 169:621–628.
  • Rao, C.R.M., Sahuquillo, A., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., 2010. Comparison of single and sequential extraction procedures for the study of rare earth elements remobilisation in different types of soils. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(2):128–136.
  • Reka, A.A., Pavlovski, B., Fazlija, E., Berisha, A., Pacarizi, M., Daghmehchi, M., Sacalis, C., Jovanovski, G., Makreski, P., Oral, A., 2021. Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application. Open Chemistry, 19:451–461.
  • Romero-Freire, A., Minguez, L., Pelletier, M., Cayer, A., Caillet, C., Devin, S., Giamberini, L., 2018. Assessment of baseline ecotoxicity of sediments from a prospective mining area enriched in light rare earth elements. Science of The Total Environment, 612:831–839.
  • Simandl, G.J., Stone, R.S., Paradis, S., Fajber, R., Reid, H.M., Grattan, K., 2013. An assessment of a handheld X-ray fluorescence instrument for use in exploration and development with an emphasis on REEs and related specialty metals. Mineralium Deposita, 49(8):999–1012.
  • Takahashi, Y., Châtellier, X., Hattori, K.H., Kato, K., Fortin, D., 2005. Adsorption of rare earth elements onto bacteria cell walls and its implication for REE sorption onto natural microbial mats. Chemical Geology, 219:53–67.
  • Vizioli, N., Gil, R., Martinez, L.D., Silva, M.F., 2009. On-line solid phase extraction CZE for the simultaneous determination of lanthanum and gadolinium at picogram per liter levels. Electrophoresis, 30:2681–2687.
  • Yıldız, A., Gürel, A., Dursun, Y.G., 2016. Physicochemical properties and uses of Karacaören area (Nevşehir) diatomite. Bulletin of The Mineral Research and Exploration, 152:165–180.
  • Waqar, F., Jan, S., Mohammad, B., Hakim, M., Alam, S., Yawar, W., 2009. Preconcentration of rare earth elements in seawater with chelating resin having fluorinated beta-diketone immobilized on styrene divinyl benzene for their determination by ICP-OES. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 56:335–340
  • Xie, F., Zhang, T.A., Dreisinger, D., Doyle, F., 2014. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering, 56:10–28.
  • Zang, Z.B., Yi King, L.K., Chu, K., Cheng, W.W., Cheng, W.W., 1982. Rare earth industry in China. Hydrometallurgy, 9(2):205–210.
  • Zhang, J., Wang, X., Dong, Y., Xu, Z., Li, G., 2016a. Solid Phase Extraction of Rare Earth Elements in Deep Groundwater With Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes asAdsorbent for the Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma MassSpectrometry. Atomic Spectroscopy, 37(1):1–6.
  • Zhang, Q., He, M., Chen, B., Hu, B., 2016b. Preparation, characterization and application of Saussurea tridactyla Sch-Bip as green adsorbents for preconcentration of rare earth elements in environmental water samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 121:1–10.
  • Zhou, B., Li, Z., Chen, C., 2017. Global potential of rare earth resources and rare earth demand from clean technologies. Minerals, 7(11):203–14.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cemile Özcan 0000-0002-2954-0612

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özcan, C. (2021). A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.892290
AMA Özcan C. A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. Temmuz 2021;7(2):265-275. doi:10.29132/ijpas.892290
Chicago Özcan, Cemile. “A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2021): 265-75. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.892290.
EndNote Özcan C (01 Temmuz 2021) A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7 2 265–275.
IEEE C. Özcan, “A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 265–275, 2021, doi: 10.29132/ijpas.892290.
ISNAD Özcan, Cemile. “A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7/2 (Temmuz 2021), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.892290.
JAMA Özcan C. A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2021;7:265–275.
MLA Özcan, Cemile. “A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, c. 7, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 265-7, doi:10.29132/ijpas.892290.
Vancouver Özcan C. A Review On Various Analytical Techniques For Determining REEs. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2021;7(2):265-7.

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