BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Sustainable urban spaces: Ecological parks

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 1, 340 - 355, 01.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.47580

Öz

Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar

Özet: Dünyada son yıllarda artış gösteren teknolojik ve ekonomik gelişmeler ile hızla tükenen kaynaklar doğal dengenin bozulmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle kentlerde nüfus artışı ve yoğun yapılaşma ile kentsel ekosistemler büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Bu durum, diğer tüm alanlarda olduğu gibi kentsel ekosistemlerde de sürdürülebilirlik kaygılarını arttırmış; peyzaj tasarım ve yönetiminde doğal süreçlerle daha uyumlu çözümlerin getirilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu makalede çevresel bilincin olgunlaştığı toplumlarda sürdürülebilir kent hedefinde bir araç haline gelmiş ekolojik parkların kavramsal yapısı; planlama, tasarım ve yönetim ilkeleri uygulama örnekleri ile birlikte desteklenerek açıklanmıştır. Bu şekilde, benzer uygulamaların ülkemizde yaygınlaşmasına öncülük edecek bir kaynak oluşturulması hedeflenmiş ve söz konusu uygulamaların yaygınlaşmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Peyzaj tasarımı, ekolojik tasarım, ekolojik park, sürdürülebilirlik

Sustainable urban spaces: Ecological parks

Abstract: Rapidly depleted resources with technological and economic developments which increased in recent years has led to deterioration of the natural balance in the world. Urban ecosystems is considerably changed, especially with population growth and intensive construction in the city. This situation, as such in all other areas, urban ecosystems are also increasing their sustainability concerns. More compatible solution with the natural process in landscape design and management have to be brought. This article describes the conceptual structure of ecological park that has become a tool for sustainable urban target in community that matured of environmental awareness. Also planning, design and management principles are explained by supporting with application examples. The obtained results within the framework, it is aimed to create a source for similar applications that will lead to spread in our country. In addition, it is put forward suggestions for dissemination of such practices.

Keywords: Landscape design, ecological design, ecological park, sustainability

Received (Geliş tarihi): 03.02.2015  -  Revised (Düzeltme tarihi): 20.03.2015  -  Accepted (Kabul tarihi): 21.03.2015   

To cite this article: Erdoğan Onur, B., Demiroğlu, D., 2016. Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66(1): 340-355. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.47580

Kaynakça

  • Birkeland, J., 2002. Design For Sustainability :A Sourcebook of Integrated, Eco-Logical Solutions ,. ISBN – 1853839000, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London.
  • Boland, M., 2001. Ecological Parks, report 396 San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association http://www.spur.org/documents/010601_article_01.shtm (Ziyaret tarihi: 10 Ağustos 2009).
  • Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S., 1999. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics 29: 293–301.
  • Boylan, H., 1982. Integrating ecological landscape techniques into local goverment management structures, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 89-102 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, , ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8), Great Britain.
  • Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M., Pullin, A.S., 2010. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning 97(3): 147–155, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006.
  • Bradley, C., 1982. A brief rewiew, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 31-38 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ;no.8), Great Britain.
  • Branshaw, A. D., 1982. Landscape as ecosystems, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 13-22 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888; no.8, Great Britain
  • Chiesura, A., 2004. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning 68(1): 129–138, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  • Clinton Beach Park, 2014. http://landscapeforlife.org/?s=clinton+beach+park, (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014)
  • Cranz, G., (1982). The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Cranz, G. and .Boland, M., 2003. The ecological park as an emerging type, Research and Debate Places, 15(3) : 44- 47.
  • Demiroğlu, D., Pekin, U., Karadağ, A., Cengiz, E., 2014. Ecology-based contemporary urbanism approaches, Urban and Urbanization,, St.Kliment Ohridski Universty Press, Sofia, 579-620.
  • Demiroğlu, D., 2010. Sivas kent planlarının kentin peyzaj özelliklerine uygunluğunun araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Erdoğan Onur, B., 2009. Çevre kalitesinin yükseltilmesinde katılımcı yaklaşım: İ.Ü Avcılar Kampusu örneği, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Erdoğan Onur, B., 2012. Peyzaj tasarım ve yönetiminde ekolojik yaklaşım ve sürdürülebilir kent hedefine katkıları, İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi 2(5): 245-252
  • Eugenio, A. and Ortiz, L., 2003. Questioning Ecological Design: A Deep Ecology Perspective http://www.ecotecture.com/library_eco/appropriate_tech/Lomba-Ortiz_questioningEco.html (Ziyaret tarihi:26 Ekim 2006)
  • Green Flag Award Scheme, 2013. http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • Hunt,J., Dixon (2000). Greater perfection: the practice of garden theory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Jeong, S.Y. and Kim, K.B., 2005. Urban Ecological Park Design:A Case of Namsan Rehabilitation Project,SeoulStudies,7(1),101-122, http://www.sdi.re.kr/eng/publication/journal_read.asp?page=2&gb=Journal%20Articles&r_gb=Journal%20Articles& no=1116, (Ziyaret tarihi:20 Kasım 2006)
  • Jim, C.Y., Chen, W.Y., 2008. Assessing the ecosystem service of air pollutant removalby urban trees in Guangzhou (China). Journal of Environmental Management 88(4): 665–676.
  • Landscape Institute, 2013. Green Infrastructure: An integrated approach to land use. Landscape Institude position Statement http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/2013GreenInfrastructureLIPositionStatement.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi: 20 Kasım 2013)
  • Lyle T. J., 1985. Design for Human Ecosystems, ISBN 0 44 25943 3, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  • Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Groenewegen, P.P., de Vries, S., Spreeuwenberg, P., 2006. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 60 (7), 587–592, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
  • Niemela, J., 1999. Ecology and urban planning. Biodiverity. Conservation 8: 119–131.
  • Oğuz, D. 1998. Kent parkı kavramı yönünden Ankara kent parklarının kullanım olgusu üzerine bir araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Opdam, P., Steingrover, E. and Rooij, S. V., 2006. Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 75(3-4): 322-332, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015
  • Power A., M., 2006. Designing for ecology: the ecological park, Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Urban Studies and Planning. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/37863, (Ziyaret tarihi: 13 Mart 2010)
  • Queens Botanic Garden, 2014. http://www.queensbotanical.org., (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014).
  • Queen Elizabeth Olimpic Park, 2014. http://queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk, (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014)
  • Ruff, R. A, 1979. Holland and The ecological Landscape, Department of Town and Country Planning, the University of Manchester, Great Britain.
  • Ruff, R. A. and Teragay, R., 1982. An ecological approach to urban landscape design, Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8), Great Britain
  • Seattle Art Museum, 2014. . http://asla.org/awards. (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014).
  • SSI, 2009a. The Sustainable sites initiative: guidelines and performance benchmarks: Guidelines and performance benchmarks, http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/ Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • SSI, 2009b. The Sustainable sites initiative: The Case for Sustainable Landscapes, http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • Stewart, I.D., Oke, T.R., 2012. Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93 (12), 1879–1900, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1.
  • Stitt, F. A., 1999. Ecological design handbook :Sustainable Strategies for Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Interior Design, and Planning.ISBN :McGraw-Hill,.London.
  • Tregay, R., 1982. Nature and Ecological Approach to landscape design Some thoughts on basic philosophy, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 22-31 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8, Great Britain
  • Trust of Ecology, 2010. Resmi internet sitesi, http://www.urbanecology.org.uk, (Ziyaret tarihi: 18 Eylül 2012).
  • Urban Green–Blue Grids, 2014. http://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/landscape-park-duisburg-nord/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 21 Eylül 2014)
  • Yeang, K., 1995. Design with Nature: The Ecological Basis for Architectural Design, ISBN 0 07 07231 6, MCGrawHill, Inc., London.
  • Yang, P. P. and Lay, O. B., 2004. Applying ecosystem concepts to the planning of industrial areas: a case study of Singapore's Jurong Island , Journal of Cleaner Production 12(8-10): 1011-1023, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.028.
  • Yates, D., 1991. Encouraging nature in urban public parks: the consequences of adopting a more ecological approach to design and maintenance, Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of planning and landscape, Great Britain.

Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 1, 340 - 355, 01.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.47580

Öz

Dünyada son yıllarda artış gösteren teknolojik ve ekonomik gelişmeler ile hızla tükenen kaynaklar doğal dengenin bozulmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle kentlerde nüfus artışı ve yoğun yapılaşma ile kentsel ekosistemler büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Bu durum, diğer tüm alanlarda olduğu gibi kentsel ekosistemlerde de sürdürülebilirlik kaygılarını arttırmış; peyzaj tasarım ve yönetiminde doğal süreçlerle daha uyumlu çözümlerin getirilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu makalede çevresel bilincin olgunlaştığı toplumlarda sürdürülebilir kent hedefinde bir araç haline gelmiş ekolojik parkların kavramsal yapısı; planlama, tasarım ve yönetim ilkeleri uygulama örnekleri ile birlikte desteklenerek açıklanmıştır. Bu şekilde, benzer uygulamaların ülkemizde yaygınlaşmasına öncülük edecek bir kaynak oluşturulması hedeflenmiş ve söz konusu uygulamaların yaygınlaşmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Birkeland, J., 2002. Design For Sustainability :A Sourcebook of Integrated, Eco-Logical Solutions ,. ISBN – 1853839000, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London.
  • Boland, M., 2001. Ecological Parks, report 396 San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association http://www.spur.org/documents/010601_article_01.shtm (Ziyaret tarihi: 10 Ağustos 2009).
  • Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S., 1999. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics 29: 293–301.
  • Boylan, H., 1982. Integrating ecological landscape techniques into local goverment management structures, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 89-102 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, , ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8), Great Britain.
  • Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M., Pullin, A.S., 2010. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning 97(3): 147–155, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006.
  • Bradley, C., 1982. A brief rewiew, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 31-38 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ;no.8), Great Britain.
  • Branshaw, A. D., 1982. Landscape as ecosystems, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 13-22 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888; no.8, Great Britain
  • Chiesura, A., 2004. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning 68(1): 129–138, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  • Clinton Beach Park, 2014. http://landscapeforlife.org/?s=clinton+beach+park, (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014)
  • Cranz, G., (1982). The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Cranz, G. and .Boland, M., 2003. The ecological park as an emerging type, Research and Debate Places, 15(3) : 44- 47.
  • Demiroğlu, D., Pekin, U., Karadağ, A., Cengiz, E., 2014. Ecology-based contemporary urbanism approaches, Urban and Urbanization,, St.Kliment Ohridski Universty Press, Sofia, 579-620.
  • Demiroğlu, D., 2010. Sivas kent planlarının kentin peyzaj özelliklerine uygunluğunun araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Erdoğan Onur, B., 2009. Çevre kalitesinin yükseltilmesinde katılımcı yaklaşım: İ.Ü Avcılar Kampusu örneği, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Erdoğan Onur, B., 2012. Peyzaj tasarım ve yönetiminde ekolojik yaklaşım ve sürdürülebilir kent hedefine katkıları, İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi 2(5): 245-252
  • Eugenio, A. and Ortiz, L., 2003. Questioning Ecological Design: A Deep Ecology Perspective http://www.ecotecture.com/library_eco/appropriate_tech/Lomba-Ortiz_questioningEco.html (Ziyaret tarihi:26 Ekim 2006)
  • Green Flag Award Scheme, 2013. http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • Hunt,J., Dixon (2000). Greater perfection: the practice of garden theory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Jeong, S.Y. and Kim, K.B., 2005. Urban Ecological Park Design:A Case of Namsan Rehabilitation Project,SeoulStudies,7(1),101-122, http://www.sdi.re.kr/eng/publication/journal_read.asp?page=2&gb=Journal%20Articles&r_gb=Journal%20Articles& no=1116, (Ziyaret tarihi:20 Kasım 2006)
  • Jim, C.Y., Chen, W.Y., 2008. Assessing the ecosystem service of air pollutant removalby urban trees in Guangzhou (China). Journal of Environmental Management 88(4): 665–676.
  • Landscape Institute, 2013. Green Infrastructure: An integrated approach to land use. Landscape Institude position Statement http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/2013GreenInfrastructureLIPositionStatement.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi: 20 Kasım 2013)
  • Lyle T. J., 1985. Design for Human Ecosystems, ISBN 0 44 25943 3, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  • Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Groenewegen, P.P., de Vries, S., Spreeuwenberg, P., 2006. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 60 (7), 587–592, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
  • Niemela, J., 1999. Ecology and urban planning. Biodiverity. Conservation 8: 119–131.
  • Oğuz, D. 1998. Kent parkı kavramı yönünden Ankara kent parklarının kullanım olgusu üzerine bir araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Opdam, P., Steingrover, E. and Rooij, S. V., 2006. Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 75(3-4): 322-332, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015
  • Power A., M., 2006. Designing for ecology: the ecological park, Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Urban Studies and Planning. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/37863, (Ziyaret tarihi: 13 Mart 2010)
  • Queens Botanic Garden, 2014. http://www.queensbotanical.org., (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014).
  • Queen Elizabeth Olimpic Park, 2014. http://queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk, (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014)
  • Ruff, R. A, 1979. Holland and The ecological Landscape, Department of Town and Country Planning, the University of Manchester, Great Britain.
  • Ruff, R. A. and Teragay, R., 1982. An ecological approach to urban landscape design, Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8), Great Britain
  • Seattle Art Museum, 2014. . http://asla.org/awards. (Ziyaret tarihi: 15 Kasım 2014).
  • SSI, 2009a. The Sustainable sites initiative: guidelines and performance benchmarks: Guidelines and performance benchmarks, http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/ Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • SSI, 2009b. The Sustainable sites initiative: The Case for Sustainable Landscapes, http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Haziran 2013)
  • Stewart, I.D., Oke, T.R., 2012. Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93 (12), 1879–1900, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1.
  • Stitt, F. A., 1999. Ecological design handbook :Sustainable Strategies for Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Interior Design, and Planning.ISBN :McGraw-Hill,.London.
  • Tregay, R., 1982. Nature and Ecological Approach to landscape design Some thoughts on basic philosophy, An ecological approach to urban landscape design, pg 22-31 Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of Town and Country Planning, ISSN 0142-8888 ; no.8, Great Britain
  • Trust of Ecology, 2010. Resmi internet sitesi, http://www.urbanecology.org.uk, (Ziyaret tarihi: 18 Eylül 2012).
  • Urban Green–Blue Grids, 2014. http://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/landscape-park-duisburg-nord/ (Ziyaret tarihi: 21 Eylül 2014)
  • Yeang, K., 1995. Design with Nature: The Ecological Basis for Architectural Design, ISBN 0 07 07231 6, MCGrawHill, Inc., London.
  • Yang, P. P. and Lay, O. B., 2004. Applying ecosystem concepts to the planning of industrial areas: a case study of Singapore's Jurong Island , Journal of Cleaner Production 12(8-10): 1011-1023, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.028.
  • Yates, D., 1991. Encouraging nature in urban public parks: the consequences of adopting a more ecological approach to design and maintenance, Occasional paper / University of Manchester. Department of planning and landscape, Great Britain.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme Makale (Review)
Yazarlar

Burçak Erdoğan Onur Bu kişi benim

Demet Demiroğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 66 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan Onur, B., & Demiroğlu, D. (2016). Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(1), 340-355. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.47580
AMA Erdoğan Onur B, Demiroğlu D. Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. Ocak 2016;66(1):340-355. doi:10.17099/jffiu.47580
Chicago Erdoğan Onur, Burçak, ve Demet Demiroğlu. “Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik Parklar”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66, sy. 1 (Ocak 2016): 340-55. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.47580.
EndNote Erdoğan Onur B, Demiroğlu D (01 Ocak 2016) Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66 1 340–355.
IEEE B. Erdoğan Onur ve D. Demiroğlu, “Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar”, J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U, c. 66, sy. 1, ss. 340–355, 2016, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.47580.
ISNAD Erdoğan Onur, Burçak - Demiroğlu, Demet. “Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik Parklar”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66/1 (Ocak 2016), 340-355. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.47580.
JAMA Erdoğan Onur B, Demiroğlu D. Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2016;66:340–355.
MLA Erdoğan Onur, Burçak ve Demet Demiroğlu. “Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik Parklar”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, c. 66, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 340-55, doi:10.17099/jffiu.47580.
Vancouver Erdoğan Onur B, Demiroğlu D. Kentsel sürdürülebilir mekânlar: Ekolojik parklar. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2016;66(1):340-55.