Examination of Interventions and Defects on Façades: The Case of Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing in Istanbul, Türkiye

Hatice Yasemin Çakır; N. Volkan Gür

doi:10.30785/mbud.1325694

Araştırma Makalesi

Examination of Interventions and Defects on Façades: The Case of Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing in Istanbul, Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 847 - 864, 16.12.2023

Hatice Yasemin Çakır N. Volkan Gür

https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1325694

Öz

Conservation of 20th century mass housing is discussed considering their heritage value. On the other hand, intervention might be required since they do not meet the today’s requirements and defect might have occurred. In that case, primary objective should be the managing of changes to sustain existing building stock. Within the study, the current situation of one of the modern period mass housing projects in Istanbul/Türkiye Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing was documented for interventions and defects on the front façade. Besides, determining the frequency of intervention and defects, examining relations between them and external factors, and identifying reasons for the interventions were also aimed. Data collected about 108 existing buildings and photographic research was made through literature review/archive search/site visits. Collected data were evaluated with a systematic order. As a result, almost half of the defects are caused by interventions on building/element/component scale to fulfil spatial and performance requirements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mass housing, façade, intervention, defect, building element/component

Teşekkür

The article was produced with the help of Assist. Prof. Dr. N. Volkan Gür in the scope of the doctoral course “Analysis and Examination of the Building Elements” given by him, under the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Construction Technology Program. The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics Committee approval is not required for the study. No funding, donation or scholarship was used for the study, other than the contributions of the two authors.

Kaynakça

Abbott, G. R., McDuling, J. J., Parsons, S. A. & Schoeman, J. C. (2007). Building condition assessment: a performance evaluation tool towards sustainable asset management. CIB World Building Congress, 649–662.
Albrecht, H. (2012). What does the Industrial Revolution signify. Industrial Heritage Re-Tooled. J. Douet (Ed.). The TICCIH (The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage) Guide to Industrial Heritage Conservation, 17–23. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing LTD.
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., de Brito, J. & Flores-Colen, I. (2013). Inspection and diagnosis system of ETICS on walls. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.024.
Bina Yapım Teşvik Kanunu No: 5228 [Building Construction Incentive Law No: 5228], (1948, 7, 6). Official Gazette (Number: 6950). Access Address (19, 04, 2022): https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/6950.pdf.
Cem, İ. (2021). Türkiye’de geri kalmışlığın tarihi [History of underdevelopment in Türkiye] (31. ed). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Çakır, H. Y. & Edis, E. (2022). A database approach to examine the relation between function and interventions in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 58, 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.09.015.
Çakır, H. Y. (2021). Personal Archive.
Çelik, A. B., Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., & Ay, İ. (2023). Analysis of Stone Deterioration on the Facades of Hatuniye Madrasah. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 8(1), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1302007.
de Jonge, W. (2017). Sustainable renewal of the everyday Modern. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 23(1– 2), 62–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2017.1326555.
Douglas, J. (2006). Building adaptation. Routledge.
Engin, H. E. (2009). Tarihi yapıların yeniden kullanımında iç mekâna etkilerin incelenmesi için bir yöntem önerisi; İstanbul endüstri yapıları örneği [A proposal method for analysing the effects on re-use of historical buildings: A case study on industrial buildings in Istanbul]. PhD diss., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon.
Erdal, Y., Alatlı, H. İ., Kırbaş, A. & Salman, Y. (2020). Kadıköy’ün genişleyen sınırları: Koşuyolu [Expanding borders of Kadıköy: Koşuyolu]. Betonart: Beton, Mimarlık ve Tasarım, 65, 6–17.
Ertemir, D. Y. & Edis, E. (2022). Sustaining modern heritage buildings: visual defect categorisation guides for the general condition survey of rendered-painted facades. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 41(3), 606-624. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-03-2022-0041.
Faqih, F., Zayed, T. & Soliman, E. (2020). Factors and defects analysis of physical and environmental condition of buildings. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-020- 00084-0.
Guo, J., Wang, Q. & Li, Y. (2021). Evaluation-oriented façade defects detection using rule-based deep learning method. Automation in Construction, 131, 103910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103910.
Hasol, D. (2017). 20. yüzyıl Türkiye mimarlığı [20th century Türkiye Architecture] (2.ed). YEM Yayın.
Havinga, L., Colenbrander, B. & Schellen, H. (2020a). Heritage attributes of post-war housing in Amsterdam. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.04.002.
Havinga, L., Colenbrander, B. & Schellen, H. (2020b). Heritage significance and the identification of attributes to preserve in a sustainable refurbishment. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.08.011.
Henket, H.-J. (1998). Has the modern movement any meaning for tomorrow? ICOMOS–Hefte Des Deutschen Nationalkomitees, 24, 22–25.
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (ICOMOS). (2017). Approaches to the conservation of twentieth century cultural heritage–Madrid-New Delhi Document. ICOMOS Paris, France.
International Organization for Standards. (ISO). (2016). ISO 19208:2016 Framework for Specifying Performance in Buildings.
İmar Kanunu No: 6785 [Building Law No: 6785], (1956, 7, 16). Official Gazette (Number: 9359). Access Address (19, 04, 2022): https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/9359.pdf.
İstanbul Belediyesi Tarafından Taksitle Satılacak Ucuz Evler Yönetmeliği [Regulation on Low-Cost Houses to be Sold by Istanbul Municipality in Installments]. (1950). Istanbul: İstanbul Belediye Matbaası.
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi [Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality]. (n.d.). İstanbul Şehir Haritası [Istanbul City Map] - 1966. Access Address (19.04.2022) https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/.
Kessler, G. (1949). İstanbul’da mesken darlığı, mesken sefaleti, mesken inşaatı. [Housing shortage, housing misery, housing construction in Istanbul]. Arkitekt, (5–6), 131–134.
Koman, İ. (2021). Analysis of the Architect’s Role in Creating Innovation Value in the Context of Walter Gropius’s Works. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.881914.
Macarulla, M., Forcada, N., Casals, M., Gangolells, M., Fuertes, A. & Roca, X. (2013). Standardizing housing defects: Classification, validation, and benefits. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(8), 968–976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000669.
Macdonald, S. (1996). Reconciling authenticity and repair in the conservation of modern architecture. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 2(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.1996.10785152
MacDonald, S., Burke, S., Lardinois, S. & McCoy, C. (2018). Recent efforts in conserving 20th-century heritage: The Getty Conservation Institute’s Conserving Modern Architecture Initiative. Built Heritage, 2(2), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545694
Madureira, S., Flores-Colen, I., de Brito, J. & Pereira, C. (2017). Maintenance planning of facades in current buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 790–802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.195
Okumuş, E. M. (2020). Pencere sistemlerindeki bozulmaların teşhis, analiz ve müdahalesine yönelik karar destek modeli [Decision support model for diagnosis analysis and interventon of the failures in window systems]. PhD diss., Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul.
Okumuş, E. M., & Özlem, E. (2020). Konutlardaki Ahşap Pencerelerde Oluşan Hasarların Tespiti ve İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Öneriler: İstanbul’dan Fener ve Balat Örneği. Engineering Sciences, 15(1), 43–68.
Özdoğan, F., Balkan, A. & Arpat, A. (1950). İstanbul Belediyesi’nin “Ucuz evler” müsabakası münasebet ile [On the occasion of Istanbul Municipality's "Cheap houses" competition]. Arkitekt, 5–6, 135–136.
Öztürk, B. (2020). Selamsız ucuz evler yerleşimi [Selamsız low-cost housing settlement]. Betonart: Beton, Mimarlık ve Tasarım, 65, 18–28.
Pereira, C., Silva, A., Brito, J. & Silvestre, J. (2020). Urgency of repair of building elements: Prediction and influencing factors in façade renders. Construction and Building Materials, 249, 118743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118743
Polat, E. E. & Can, C. (2008). The concept of modern architectural heitage: definiton and content. Megaron / Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture E-Journal, 3(2), 177–186.
Richardson, B. (2002). Defects and Deterioration in Buildings: A Practical Guide to the Science and Technology of Material Failure. London: Routledge.
Rush, R. D. (1986). The Building Systems Integration Handbook. Washington: American Institute of Architects.
Sá, G., Sá, J., De Brito, J. & Amaro, B. (2015). Statistical survey on inspection, diagnosis and repair of wall renderings. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 21(5), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.890666.
Sayar, Z. (1946). Mesken Davası [Housing case]. Arkitekt, 3–4, 49–50.
Sey, Y. (2007). Yeni vatandaşların barındırılması: Konut politikaları ve toplu konut [To House the New Citizens:
Housing Policies and Mass Housing]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900- 1980 (pp. 159–183). Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
Tapan, M. (2007). Uluslararası üslup: Mimarlıkta liberalism [International style: liberalism in architecture]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900-1980 (pp. 111–122). TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directory of Land Registry and Cadastre]. (n.d.). Parsel Sorgulama Uygulaması [Parcel inquiry application]. Access Address (19.04.2022) https://parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr/#ara/cografi/41.02354059586465/29.03095364570618.
Tekeli, İ. (2007). Türkiye’de mimarlığın gelişiminin toplumsal bağlamı [The social context of the development of architecture in Türkiye]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900-1980 (pp. 15– 36). Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
The British Standards Institution (BSI). (2011). BS EN 15978:2011 Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of environmental performance of buildings - Calculation method. London.
Tostões, A. (2018). Modern built heritage conservation policies: How to keep authenticity and emotion in the age of digital culture. Built Heritage, 2(2), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545691
Üsküdar Belediyesi İmar ve Şehircilik Müdürlüğü Arşivi [Uskudar Municipality Directorate of Construction and Urban Planning Archive]. (n.d.). Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing Documents.
Üsküdar Belediyesi Plan ve Proje Müdürlüğü Arşivi [Uskudar Municipality Plan and Project Directorate Archive]. (n.d.). Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing Documents.
Vos, E. & Storgaard, E. (2018). Teaching re-use strategies for modernist buildings: a case study handbook for a joint European Master in Architecture. Joelho: Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, 9, 186–201. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_9_11.
Yaman, B., & Arpacıoğlu, Ü. (2021). Dynamically Controlled Adaptive Facade and Shading Systems. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.798233.

Cephelerde Müdahale ve Hasarların İncelenmesi: Selamsız Ucuz Evler Örneği İstanbul, Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 847 - 864, 16.12.2023

Hatice Yasemin Çakır N. Volkan Gür

https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1325694

Öz

20. yüzyılda inşa edilen toplu konutların miras değerleri; sosyal, ekonomik ve teknolojik sebepler nedeniyle tartışılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan; günümüz mekânsal, performans ve teknolojik gereksinimlerini sağlayamamaları ve süreç içerisinde çeşitli hasarların meydana gelmesi sebebiyle bu yapılara müdahale etmek gerekebilir. Mevcut yapı stokunu ve bunların miras değerini sürdürmek için yapılacak müdahaleyi planlamak temel amaç olmalıdır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma kapsamında; İstanbul/Türkiye’deki 20. yüzyıl toplu konutlarından biri olan Selamsız Ucuz Evlerinin ön cephelerinde yer alan müdahaleler ve hasarların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun yanında; müdahaleler ve hasarların sıklığı ile bunların dış etmenlerle (cephe yönelimi, daire/kat sayısı, yol seviyesine göre konum) arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Mevcut 108 yapı, alan gezileri sırasında fotoğraflanarak belgelenmiş, yapılara ait bilgiler literatür ve arşiv taramaları doğrultusunda derlenmiştir. Müdahale ve hasarlar ile ilgili elde edilen veriler yapı, eleman ve bileşen ölçeğinde, hiyerarşik bir düzen içerisinde incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; hasarların neredeyse yarısının mekân/performans gereksinimlerini iyileştirmek için bina/eleman/bileşen ölçeğinde uygulanan müdahaleler kaynaklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplu konut, cephe, müdahale, yapı elemanı/bileşeni

Kaynakça

Abbott, G. R., McDuling, J. J., Parsons, S. A. & Schoeman, J. C. (2007). Building condition assessment: a performance evaluation tool towards sustainable asset management. CIB World Building Congress, 649–662.
Albrecht, H. (2012). What does the Industrial Revolution signify. Industrial Heritage Re-Tooled. J. Douet (Ed.). The TICCIH (The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage) Guide to Industrial Heritage Conservation, 17–23. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing LTD.
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., de Brito, J. & Flores-Colen, I. (2013). Inspection and diagnosis system of ETICS on walls. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.024.
Bina Yapım Teşvik Kanunu No: 5228 [Building Construction Incentive Law No: 5228], (1948, 7, 6). Official Gazette (Number: 6950). Access Address (19, 04, 2022): https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/6950.pdf.
Cem, İ. (2021). Türkiye’de geri kalmışlığın tarihi [History of underdevelopment in Türkiye] (31. ed). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Çakır, H. Y. & Edis, E. (2022). A database approach to examine the relation between function and interventions in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 58, 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.09.015.
Çakır, H. Y. (2021). Personal Archive.
Çelik, A. B., Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., & Ay, İ. (2023). Analysis of Stone Deterioration on the Facades of Hatuniye Madrasah. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 8(1), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1302007.
de Jonge, W. (2017). Sustainable renewal of the everyday Modern. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 23(1– 2), 62–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2017.1326555.
Douglas, J. (2006). Building adaptation. Routledge.
Engin, H. E. (2009). Tarihi yapıların yeniden kullanımında iç mekâna etkilerin incelenmesi için bir yöntem önerisi; İstanbul endüstri yapıları örneği [A proposal method for analysing the effects on re-use of historical buildings: A case study on industrial buildings in Istanbul]. PhD diss., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon.
Erdal, Y., Alatlı, H. İ., Kırbaş, A. & Salman, Y. (2020). Kadıköy’ün genişleyen sınırları: Koşuyolu [Expanding borders of Kadıköy: Koşuyolu]. Betonart: Beton, Mimarlık ve Tasarım, 65, 6–17.
Ertemir, D. Y. & Edis, E. (2022). Sustaining modern heritage buildings: visual defect categorisation guides for the general condition survey of rendered-painted facades. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 41(3), 606-624. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-03-2022-0041.
Faqih, F., Zayed, T. & Soliman, E. (2020). Factors and defects analysis of physical and environmental condition of buildings. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-020- 00084-0.
Guo, J., Wang, Q. & Li, Y. (2021). Evaluation-oriented façade defects detection using rule-based deep learning method. Automation in Construction, 131, 103910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103910.
Hasol, D. (2017). 20. yüzyıl Türkiye mimarlığı [20th century Türkiye Architecture] (2.ed). YEM Yayın.
Havinga, L., Colenbrander, B. & Schellen, H. (2020a). Heritage attributes of post-war housing in Amsterdam. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.04.002.
Havinga, L., Colenbrander, B. & Schellen, H. (2020b). Heritage significance and the identification of attributes to preserve in a sustainable refurbishment. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.08.011.
Henket, H.-J. (1998). Has the modern movement any meaning for tomorrow? ICOMOS–Hefte Des Deutschen Nationalkomitees, 24, 22–25.
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (ICOMOS). (2017). Approaches to the conservation of twentieth century cultural heritage–Madrid-New Delhi Document. ICOMOS Paris, France.
International Organization for Standards. (ISO). (2016). ISO 19208:2016 Framework for Specifying Performance in Buildings.
İmar Kanunu No: 6785 [Building Law No: 6785], (1956, 7, 16). Official Gazette (Number: 9359). Access Address (19, 04, 2022): https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/9359.pdf.
İstanbul Belediyesi Tarafından Taksitle Satılacak Ucuz Evler Yönetmeliği [Regulation on Low-Cost Houses to be Sold by Istanbul Municipality in Installments]. (1950). Istanbul: İstanbul Belediye Matbaası.
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi [Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality]. (n.d.). İstanbul Şehir Haritası [Istanbul City Map] - 1966. Access Address (19.04.2022) https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/.
Kessler, G. (1949). İstanbul’da mesken darlığı, mesken sefaleti, mesken inşaatı. [Housing shortage, housing misery, housing construction in Istanbul]. Arkitekt, (5–6), 131–134.
Koman, İ. (2021). Analysis of the Architect’s Role in Creating Innovation Value in the Context of Walter Gropius’s Works. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.881914.
Macarulla, M., Forcada, N., Casals, M., Gangolells, M., Fuertes, A. & Roca, X. (2013). Standardizing housing defects: Classification, validation, and benefits. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(8), 968–976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000669.
Macdonald, S. (1996). Reconciling authenticity and repair in the conservation of modern architecture. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 2(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.1996.10785152
MacDonald, S., Burke, S., Lardinois, S. & McCoy, C. (2018). Recent efforts in conserving 20th-century heritage: The Getty Conservation Institute’s Conserving Modern Architecture Initiative. Built Heritage, 2(2), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545694
Madureira, S., Flores-Colen, I., de Brito, J. & Pereira, C. (2017). Maintenance planning of facades in current buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 790–802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.195
Okumuş, E. M. (2020). Pencere sistemlerindeki bozulmaların teşhis, analiz ve müdahalesine yönelik karar destek modeli [Decision support model for diagnosis analysis and interventon of the failures in window systems]. PhD diss., Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul.
Okumuş, E. M., & Özlem, E. (2020). Konutlardaki Ahşap Pencerelerde Oluşan Hasarların Tespiti ve İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Öneriler: İstanbul’dan Fener ve Balat Örneği. Engineering Sciences, 15(1), 43–68.
Özdoğan, F., Balkan, A. & Arpat, A. (1950). İstanbul Belediyesi’nin “Ucuz evler” müsabakası münasebet ile [On the occasion of Istanbul Municipality's "Cheap houses" competition]. Arkitekt, 5–6, 135–136.
Öztürk, B. (2020). Selamsız ucuz evler yerleşimi [Selamsız low-cost housing settlement]. Betonart: Beton, Mimarlık ve Tasarım, 65, 18–28.
Pereira, C., Silva, A., Brito, J. & Silvestre, J. (2020). Urgency of repair of building elements: Prediction and influencing factors in façade renders. Construction and Building Materials, 249, 118743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118743
Polat, E. E. & Can, C. (2008). The concept of modern architectural heitage: definiton and content. Megaron / Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture E-Journal, 3(2), 177–186.
Richardson, B. (2002). Defects and Deterioration in Buildings: A Practical Guide to the Science and Technology of Material Failure. London: Routledge.
Rush, R. D. (1986). The Building Systems Integration Handbook. Washington: American Institute of Architects.
Sá, G., Sá, J., De Brito, J. & Amaro, B. (2015). Statistical survey on inspection, diagnosis and repair of wall renderings. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 21(5), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.890666.
Sayar, Z. (1946). Mesken Davası [Housing case]. Arkitekt, 3–4, 49–50.
Sey, Y. (2007). Yeni vatandaşların barındırılması: Konut politikaları ve toplu konut [To House the New Citizens:
Housing Policies and Mass Housing]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900- 1980 (pp. 159–183). Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
Tapan, M. (2007). Uluslararası üslup: Mimarlıkta liberalism [International style: liberalism in architecture]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900-1980 (pp. 111–122). TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directory of Land Registry and Cadastre]. (n.d.). Parsel Sorgulama Uygulaması [Parcel inquiry application]. Access Address (19.04.2022) https://parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr/#ara/cografi/41.02354059586465/29.03095364570618.
Tekeli, İ. (2007). Türkiye’de mimarlığın gelişiminin toplumsal bağlamı [The social context of the development of architecture in Türkiye]. In S. Holod, Renata; Evin, Ahmet; Özkan (Ed.), Modern Türk Mimarlığı: 1900-1980 (pp. 15– 36). Ankara: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası.
The British Standards Institution (BSI). (2011). BS EN 15978:2011 Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of environmental performance of buildings - Calculation method. London.
Tostões, A. (2018). Modern built heritage conservation policies: How to keep authenticity and emotion in the age of digital culture. Built Heritage, 2(2), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545691
Üsküdar Belediyesi İmar ve Şehircilik Müdürlüğü Arşivi [Uskudar Municipality Directorate of Construction and Urban Planning Archive]. (n.d.). Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing Documents.
Üsküdar Belediyesi Plan ve Proje Müdürlüğü Arşivi [Uskudar Municipality Plan and Project Directorate Archive]. (n.d.). Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing Documents.
Vos, E. & Storgaard, E. (2018). Teaching re-use strategies for modernist buildings: a case study handbook for a joint European Master in Architecture. Joelho: Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, 9, 186–201. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_9_11.
Yaman, B., & Arpacıoğlu, Ü. (2021). Dynamically Controlled Adaptive Facade and Shading Systems. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.798233.

Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Yapısal Bütünlük ve Hasar
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Hatice Yasemin Çakır 0000-0001-8354-1459 N. Volkan Gür 0000-0001-8810-5023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	16 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	11 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Çakır, H. Y., & Gür, N. V. (2023). Examination of Interventions and Defects on Façades: The Case of Selamsız Low-Cost Mass Housing in Istanbul, Türkiye. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 8(2), 847-864. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1325694