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Political Literacy in Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 2150 - 2175, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.567352

Öz

As a derived form of literacy, political literacy is one of the qualities that should constitute a target in the field of citizenship education for everyone. Political literacy is not only an ‘objective’ in itself, but also a requirement for individuals to grow up as active and efficient citizens and to build a healthy democratic culture. It is also a tool for the solution of national and international problems in the political sphere. It is essential for the citizen who has a central role and share in the formation of the society to be included in the social institutions, to actively maintain its existence, to develop the awareness of citizenship in this process, and to use its political participation right and responsibility more consciously. Political literacy is also the guarantee of the belief in democracy in a society. In view of that basic necessity, the nature of political literacy is examined in the first stage of the study, the values and processes it encompasses, the reason why it is important and needs are taken into consideration; and then facts regarding the status of political literacy in Turkey are brought forward as provided by accessible sources. The study is a theoretical review based on the review, compilation, synthesis and presentation of the resources reached in the national and international literature. 

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, A. A., Shizba, E. ve Ellis, L. (2010). Citizenship education and social development in Zambia. Information Age Publishing Inc.
  • Akıncı, S. (2014). Siyasal katılım düzeyleri üzerine bir inceleme. KATÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 33-45.
  • Aydemir, M. A. ve Özşahin, M. C. (2011). Türk demokrasisinde kayıp halkayı keşfetmek: Türkiye örneği üzerinden sosyal sermaye-demokrasi bağlantısını yeniden düşünmek. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6 (1), 41-87.
  • Barber, B. (1995). Güçlü demokrasi: Yeni bir çağ için katılımcı siyaset (M. Beşikçi Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Barnes, S. ve Kaase, M. (1979). Political action: Mass participation in five Western democrasies. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Bonchek, M. S. (1997). From broadcast to netcast: The internet and the flow of political information, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Campbell, R. ve Winters, K. (2008). Understanding men’s and women’s political interests: Evidence from a study of gendered political attitudes. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18 (1), 53-74.
  • Cassel, A. A. ve Lo, C. C. (1997). Theories of political literacy. Political Behavior, 19 (4), 317-335.
  • Crick, B. ve Porter, A. (Eds.) (1978). Political education and political literacy. London: Longman.
  • Dağ, N. (2012). Vatandaşlığın niteliksel dönüşümü ve vatandaşlık eğitimi üzerine bir betimleme çalışması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1), 1-15.
  • Dağ, N., Sözer, M. A. ve Sel, B. (2015). Political education in school. Educational Research And Reviews, 10 (14), 1881-1887.
  • Dağ, N. (2019). Aylak kelimeler. Ankara: Yayınevi Yayınları.
  • Davies, I., ve Hogarth, S. (2004). Political literacy: Issues for teachers and learners. In J. Dermaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today (p. 181-199), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Delli, C., Michael, X., ve Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Denver, D. ve Hands, G. (1990). Does studying politics make a difference? The political knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of school students. British Journal of Political Science, 20 (2), 263-279.
  • Doğanay, Ü. (2003). Demokratik usuller üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Ekman, J. ve Amna, E. (2012). Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22, 283-300.
  • Elo, K. ve Rapeli, L. (2010). Determinants of political knowledge: The effects of the media on knowledge and information. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20 (1), 133-146.
  • Eremenko, M. (N/A). Political participation: Model by Verba in the EU and Russia. Higher School of Economics, National Research University, available at: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/participant-papers/eu/Maria-Eremenko-Political-participation-Model-by-Verba-in-the-EU-and-Russia.pdf Acces-sed June, 26, 2019.
  • Freire, P. ve Macedo, D. (1998). Okuryazarlık: Sözcükleri ve dünyayı okuma, (S. Ayhan Çev.), Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Fyfe, I. (2007). Hidden in the curriculum: Political literacy and education for citizenship in Australia. Melbourne Journal of Politics, 32, 110-134.
  • Greenstein, F. I. (1965). Children and politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Hidi, S. ve Harachiewicz, J. M. (2000). Motivating the academically unmotivated: A critical issue for the twenty-first century. Review of Educational Research, 70, 151-179.
  • Jennings, M. K. ve Niemi, R. G. (1968). The transmission of political values from parent to child. The American Political Science Review, 62 (1), 169-184.
  • Kaase, M. (1990). Mass participation, In M. K. Jennings, et. al. (Eds.), Continuities In Political Action, In A Longitudinal Study Of Political Orientations In Three Western Democracies (p. 23-66), Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (1998). Karşılaştırmalı siyasal katılma: siyasal eylemin kökenleri üzerine bir inceleme. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kapani, M. (2007). Politika bilimine giriş. (19. Baskı), Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Koskimaa, V. ve Rapeli, L. (2015). Political socialization and political interest: the role of school reassessed. Journal of Political Science Education, 11 (2), 141-156.
  • Köktaş, M. E. (1997). Din ve siyaset, Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Kuş, Z. (2013). Politik okuryazarlık ve aktif vatandaşlık, E. Gençtürk ve K. Karatekin. Edt. Sosyal bilgiler için çoklu okuryazarlıklar, içinde (s. 207-229), Ankara: PegemA Yayınları.
  • Lauritzen, P. ve Guidikova, I. (2002). European youth development and policy: The role of NGO’s and public authority in the making of the European citizen In R. Lerner, F. Jacobs, and D. Wertlieb (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Developmental Science, Vol: 3, (p. 363-383), London: SAGE.
  • Luskin, R. C. (1990). Explaining political sophistication. Political Behaviour, 12 (4), 331-361.
  • Mindich, D. T. Z. (2005). Turned out: Why Americans unders 40 don’t follow the news. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Minibaş, T. (1992). Siyasal partiler yelpazesinde kadının konumu, N. Arat Der., Türkiye’de Kadın Olgusu, içinde (s. 173-189),İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Mondak, J. J. ve Anderson, M. R. (2004). The knowledge gap: A re-examination of gender-based differences in political knowledge. The Journal of Politics, 66, 492-512.
  • Norris, P., Lovenduski, J. ve Campbell, R. (2004). Gender and political participation, London: The Electoral Commission.
  • O’Neill, B. (2007). Different? The political and civic engagement of young people in Canada, Ottowa: CPRN Research Report.
  • Park, A. (2004). Has modern politics disenchanted the young? In A. Park, J. Curtice, K. Thomson, C. Bromley and M. Philips edt. British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report, (p. 23-47). London: SAGE.
  • Pereira, M. F., Fraile, M. ve Rubal, M. (2015). Young and gapped? Political knowledge of girls and boys in Europe. Political Research Quarterly, 68 (1), 63-76.
  • Political Literacy Within ITT Citizenship Education, (2002, November 19). Workshop on political literacy, University of Birmingham. available at: http://www.citized.info/pdf/conferences/pilot/NovWorkshop.-pdf accessed on 18 May 2016.
  • Runciman, D. (2016). Politika, İstanbul: Domingo Yayınları.
  • Sanders, B. (2010). Öküzün a’sı, (Ş. Tahir Çev.). 2. Bsm, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Signorella, M. L. ve Hanson Frieze, I. (2008). Interrelations of gender schemas in children and adolescents: Attitudes, preferences, and self-perceptions. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36 (7), 941-954.
  • Soler-i, M. R. (2015). Youth political involvement update: measuring the role of cause-oriented political interest in young people’s activism. Journal of Youth Studies, 18 (3), 396-416.
  • Stadelmann-Steffen, I. ve Sulzer, L. (2018). Just another brick in the wall? The relationship between classroom-based political education and the political interest of young adults in Switzerland. Journal of Youth Studies, 21 (4), 550-573.
  • Stockemer, D. ve Rocher, F. (2017). Age, political knowledge and electoral turnout: A case study of Canada”, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55 (1), 41-62.
  • Tatar, T. (1997). Siyaset sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Turan Yayıncılık.
  • Turan, E., Şen, A. T. ve Aydilek, E. (2015). Kastamonu bölgesinde siyasal tutum ve davranışlarda sosyo-kültürel ve dinsel faktörlerin etkisi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 100-119.
  • Van Deth, J. W. (1989). Interest in politics (p. 275-312). In S. H.Barnes, J. W. van Deth and M. K. Jennings (Eds.), Continuities in political action: A longitudinal study of political orientations in Three Western Democracies, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Van Deth, J. W., Abendschön, S. and Vollmar, M. (2011). Children and politics: An empiricial reassessment of early political socialization. Political Psychology, 32 (1), 147-173.
  • Van Deth, J. W. (2016). What is political participation?. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, May 1, 2017, available at: http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.00-01/acrefore-9780190228637-e-68?print=pdf accessed on 1 May 2017.
  • Verba, S., Burns, N. ve Schlozman, K. L. (1997). Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement. The Journal of Politics, 59 (4), 1051-1072.
  • Vettehen, P. G. J., Hagemann, C. P. M., ve van Snippenburg, L. B. (2004). Political knowledge and media use in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 20 (5), 415-424.
  • Wang, S. I. (2007). Political use of the internet, political attitudes, and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 17 (4), 381-395.
  • Weinber, C. (2012). Türkiye’de demokrasiye dışarıdan bakış. Uluslararası Konferans: Demokrasi ve Siyasal Katılım, İstanbul: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği Türkiye Temsilciliği.
  • Westholm, A., Lindquist, A. ve Niemi, R. G. (1990). Education and the making of the informed citizen: Political literacy and the outside world. In O. Ichilov (Ed.), Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy. (p. 177-204). New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Yılmaz, V. ve Oy, B. (2014). Türkiye’de gençler ve siyasi katılım: sosyo-ekonomik statü fark yaratıyor mu?. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Zeglovits, E. ve Zandonella, M. (2013). Political interest of adolescents before and after lowering the voting age: The case of Austria. Journal of Youth Studies, 16 (8), 1084-1104.

Türkiye'de Politik Okuryazarlık

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 2150 - 2175, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.567352

Öz

Politik okuryazarlık, türevi alınmış okuryazarlıktır ve vatandaşlık eğitimi alanında herkes için hedef olması gereken niteliklerden biridir. Kendi başına bir ‘amaç’ olmanın yanı sıra bireylerin etkin vatandaşlar olarak yetişmeleri ve sağlıklı bir demokratik kültür inşa etmeleri açısından bir ‘gereklilik’, politik alandaki ulusal ve uluslar arası sorunların çözümü noktasında da bir ‘araç’tır. Toplumun şekillenmesinde merkezi bir role ve paya sahip olan vatandaşın toplumsal kurumlara dâhil olabilmesi, varlığını aktif olarak sürdürebilmesi, bu süreçte vatandaşlık bilincini geliştirebilmesi, politik katılım hakkını ve sorumluluğunu daha bilinçli kullanabilmesi için elzemdir. Bir toplumda demokrasiye olan inancın yükselmesinin de teminatıdır. Bu temel gereklilikten hareketle araştırmada ilk aşamada politik okuryazarlığın ne olduğu, hangi değer ve süreçleri kapsadığı, neden ihtiyaç ve önem arz ettiği mercek altına alınmakta; ardından ulaşılan kaynaklardan sağlanan bilgiler doğrultusunda Türkiye’de politik okuryazarlığın durumuna ilişkin tespitler ortaya konmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ulusal ve uluslar arası alanyazında ulaşılan kaynakların gözden geçirilmesine, derlenmesine, sentezine ve sunumuna dayalı kuramsal bir derleme çalışmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, A. A., Shizba, E. ve Ellis, L. (2010). Citizenship education and social development in Zambia. Information Age Publishing Inc.
  • Akıncı, S. (2014). Siyasal katılım düzeyleri üzerine bir inceleme. KATÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 33-45.
  • Aydemir, M. A. ve Özşahin, M. C. (2011). Türk demokrasisinde kayıp halkayı keşfetmek: Türkiye örneği üzerinden sosyal sermaye-demokrasi bağlantısını yeniden düşünmek. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6 (1), 41-87.
  • Barber, B. (1995). Güçlü demokrasi: Yeni bir çağ için katılımcı siyaset (M. Beşikçi Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Barnes, S. ve Kaase, M. (1979). Political action: Mass participation in five Western democrasies. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Bonchek, M. S. (1997). From broadcast to netcast: The internet and the flow of political information, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Campbell, R. ve Winters, K. (2008). Understanding men’s and women’s political interests: Evidence from a study of gendered political attitudes. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18 (1), 53-74.
  • Cassel, A. A. ve Lo, C. C. (1997). Theories of political literacy. Political Behavior, 19 (4), 317-335.
  • Crick, B. ve Porter, A. (Eds.) (1978). Political education and political literacy. London: Longman.
  • Dağ, N. (2012). Vatandaşlığın niteliksel dönüşümü ve vatandaşlık eğitimi üzerine bir betimleme çalışması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1), 1-15.
  • Dağ, N., Sözer, M. A. ve Sel, B. (2015). Political education in school. Educational Research And Reviews, 10 (14), 1881-1887.
  • Dağ, N. (2019). Aylak kelimeler. Ankara: Yayınevi Yayınları.
  • Davies, I., ve Hogarth, S. (2004). Political literacy: Issues for teachers and learners. In J. Dermaine (Ed.), Citizenship and political education today (p. 181-199), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Delli, C., Michael, X., ve Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Denver, D. ve Hands, G. (1990). Does studying politics make a difference? The political knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of school students. British Journal of Political Science, 20 (2), 263-279.
  • Doğanay, Ü. (2003). Demokratik usuller üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Ekman, J. ve Amna, E. (2012). Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22, 283-300.
  • Elo, K. ve Rapeli, L. (2010). Determinants of political knowledge: The effects of the media on knowledge and information. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20 (1), 133-146.
  • Eremenko, M. (N/A). Political participation: Model by Verba in the EU and Russia. Higher School of Economics, National Research University, available at: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/participant-papers/eu/Maria-Eremenko-Political-participation-Model-by-Verba-in-the-EU-and-Russia.pdf Acces-sed June, 26, 2019.
  • Freire, P. ve Macedo, D. (1998). Okuryazarlık: Sözcükleri ve dünyayı okuma, (S. Ayhan Çev.), Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Fyfe, I. (2007). Hidden in the curriculum: Political literacy and education for citizenship in Australia. Melbourne Journal of Politics, 32, 110-134.
  • Greenstein, F. I. (1965). Children and politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Hidi, S. ve Harachiewicz, J. M. (2000). Motivating the academically unmotivated: A critical issue for the twenty-first century. Review of Educational Research, 70, 151-179.
  • Jennings, M. K. ve Niemi, R. G. (1968). The transmission of political values from parent to child. The American Political Science Review, 62 (1), 169-184.
  • Kaase, M. (1990). Mass participation, In M. K. Jennings, et. al. (Eds.), Continuities In Political Action, In A Longitudinal Study Of Political Orientations In Three Western Democracies (p. 23-66), Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (1998). Karşılaştırmalı siyasal katılma: siyasal eylemin kökenleri üzerine bir inceleme. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kapani, M. (2007). Politika bilimine giriş. (19. Baskı), Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Koskimaa, V. ve Rapeli, L. (2015). Political socialization and political interest: the role of school reassessed. Journal of Political Science Education, 11 (2), 141-156.
  • Köktaş, M. E. (1997). Din ve siyaset, Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Kuş, Z. (2013). Politik okuryazarlık ve aktif vatandaşlık, E. Gençtürk ve K. Karatekin. Edt. Sosyal bilgiler için çoklu okuryazarlıklar, içinde (s. 207-229), Ankara: PegemA Yayınları.
  • Lauritzen, P. ve Guidikova, I. (2002). European youth development and policy: The role of NGO’s and public authority in the making of the European citizen In R. Lerner, F. Jacobs, and D. Wertlieb (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Developmental Science, Vol: 3, (p. 363-383), London: SAGE.
  • Luskin, R. C. (1990). Explaining political sophistication. Political Behaviour, 12 (4), 331-361.
  • Mindich, D. T. Z. (2005). Turned out: Why Americans unders 40 don’t follow the news. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Minibaş, T. (1992). Siyasal partiler yelpazesinde kadının konumu, N. Arat Der., Türkiye’de Kadın Olgusu, içinde (s. 173-189),İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Mondak, J. J. ve Anderson, M. R. (2004). The knowledge gap: A re-examination of gender-based differences in political knowledge. The Journal of Politics, 66, 492-512.
  • Norris, P., Lovenduski, J. ve Campbell, R. (2004). Gender and political participation, London: The Electoral Commission.
  • O’Neill, B. (2007). Different? The political and civic engagement of young people in Canada, Ottowa: CPRN Research Report.
  • Park, A. (2004). Has modern politics disenchanted the young? In A. Park, J. Curtice, K. Thomson, C. Bromley and M. Philips edt. British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report, (p. 23-47). London: SAGE.
  • Pereira, M. F., Fraile, M. ve Rubal, M. (2015). Young and gapped? Political knowledge of girls and boys in Europe. Political Research Quarterly, 68 (1), 63-76.
  • Political Literacy Within ITT Citizenship Education, (2002, November 19). Workshop on political literacy, University of Birmingham. available at: http://www.citized.info/pdf/conferences/pilot/NovWorkshop.-pdf accessed on 18 May 2016.
  • Runciman, D. (2016). Politika, İstanbul: Domingo Yayınları.
  • Sanders, B. (2010). Öküzün a’sı, (Ş. Tahir Çev.). 2. Bsm, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Signorella, M. L. ve Hanson Frieze, I. (2008). Interrelations of gender schemas in children and adolescents: Attitudes, preferences, and self-perceptions. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36 (7), 941-954.
  • Soler-i, M. R. (2015). Youth political involvement update: measuring the role of cause-oriented political interest in young people’s activism. Journal of Youth Studies, 18 (3), 396-416.
  • Stadelmann-Steffen, I. ve Sulzer, L. (2018). Just another brick in the wall? The relationship between classroom-based political education and the political interest of young adults in Switzerland. Journal of Youth Studies, 21 (4), 550-573.
  • Stockemer, D. ve Rocher, F. (2017). Age, political knowledge and electoral turnout: A case study of Canada”, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55 (1), 41-62.
  • Tatar, T. (1997). Siyaset sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Turan Yayıncılık.
  • Turan, E., Şen, A. T. ve Aydilek, E. (2015). Kastamonu bölgesinde siyasal tutum ve davranışlarda sosyo-kültürel ve dinsel faktörlerin etkisi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 100-119.
  • Van Deth, J. W. (1989). Interest in politics (p. 275-312). In S. H.Barnes, J. W. van Deth and M. K. Jennings (Eds.), Continuities in political action: A longitudinal study of political orientations in Three Western Democracies, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Van Deth, J. W., Abendschön, S. and Vollmar, M. (2011). Children and politics: An empiricial reassessment of early political socialization. Political Psychology, 32 (1), 147-173.
  • Van Deth, J. W. (2016). What is political participation?. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, May 1, 2017, available at: http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.00-01/acrefore-9780190228637-e-68?print=pdf accessed on 1 May 2017.
  • Verba, S., Burns, N. ve Schlozman, K. L. (1997). Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement. The Journal of Politics, 59 (4), 1051-1072.
  • Vettehen, P. G. J., Hagemann, C. P. M., ve van Snippenburg, L. B. (2004). Political knowledge and media use in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 20 (5), 415-424.
  • Wang, S. I. (2007). Political use of the internet, political attitudes, and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 17 (4), 381-395.
  • Weinber, C. (2012). Türkiye’de demokrasiye dışarıdan bakış. Uluslararası Konferans: Demokrasi ve Siyasal Katılım, İstanbul: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği Türkiye Temsilciliği.
  • Westholm, A., Lindquist, A. ve Niemi, R. G. (1990). Education and the making of the informed citizen: Political literacy and the outside world. In O. Ichilov (Ed.), Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy. (p. 177-204). New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Yılmaz, V. ve Oy, B. (2014). Türkiye’de gençler ve siyasi katılım: sosyo-ekonomik statü fark yaratıyor mu?. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Zeglovits, E. ve Zandonella, M. (2013). Political interest of adolescents before and after lowering the voting age: The case of Austria. Journal of Youth Studies, 16 (8), 1084-1104.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nilgün Dağ 0000-0002-5084-6472

Mehmet Koçer 0000-0003-2794-7483

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağ, N., & Koçer, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Politik Okuryazarlık. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 2150-2175. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.567352