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Hibrit Tehdit Perspektifinden Orman Yangınları ve Türkiye’nin Mücadele Politikası

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 1 - CUMHURİYETİN YÜZÜNCÜ YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, 35 - 70, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1377722

Öz

Hibrit Tehdit Perspektifinden Orman Yangınları ve Türkiye’nin Mücadele Politikası


Öz
Günümüzde geleneksel savaşlar yerini hibrit savaş konseptine bırakmıştır. Hibrit savaş, hibrit tehdit aktörlerine ait çok fazla belirsizliği içerisinde barındırmaktadır. Ormanlık alanlar da karmaşık araziler olarak hibrit tehditlerin içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hibrit tehditler perspektifinden orman yangınlarını ele almaktır. Orman yangınları, farklı sebeplerle başlayıp geniş alanlara yayılabilen büyük bir çevre felaketidir. Dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında son yıllarda meydana gelen olaylar, orman yangınlarının sadece bir doğa olayı olmakla kalmayıp hibrit tehdit unsuru olarak değerlendirilebileceğini gözler önüne sermektedir. Türkiye’nin 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren terör faaliyetleri kapsamında orman yangınları ile karşı karşıya bırakıldığı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ülkemizin de bu tehditten payını aldığı görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, literatürdeki orman yangını çalışmaları incelenerek değerlendirilmiş ve Türkiye’nin orman yangınları ile mücadele politikaları ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, ülkemizin orman yangınları ile mücadelede sarf ettiği gayret ve politikalar için akademik literatüre uygun olarak çözümlerin aranabileceği ve kapsamının artırılabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akay, A. E., Wing, M. G., Sivrikaya, F., & Sakar, D. (2012). A GIS-based decision support system for determining the shortest and safest route to forest fires: a case study in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 1391-1407.
  • Akay, A., & Aziz, B. (2015, July). GIS-Based forest road network model for forest protection purposes. In 38th Annual COFE Meeting. Engineering solutions for non-industrial private forest operations (pp. 266-281).
  • Bader, B., Suder, G., & Grosse, R. (2020). Terrorism as an external threat factor in global value chains. Thunderbird International Business Review, 62(2), 135-148.
  • Bal, M., Ozpeynirci, O., & Yurt, O. (2019). International cooperation on airborne forest fire-fighting: opportunities for Turkey and Greece. International Journal of Ecology & Development, 34(1), 61-74.
  • Barmpoutis, P., Kastridis, A., Stathaki, T., Yuan, J., Shi, M., & Grammalidis, N. (2023). Suburban Forest Fire Risk Assessment and Forest Surveillance Using 360-Degree Cameras and a Multiscale Deformable Transformer. Remote Sensing, 15(8), 1995.
  • Berkowicz, S. M. (2011). Eco-terrorism/enviro-terrorism: background, prospects, countermeasures. In Environmental security and ecoterrorism (pp. 15-29). Springer Netherlands.
  • Bingöl, O. (2015). Hibrid Savaş, Rusya ve Türkiye. Merkez Strateji Enstitüsü, 29, 2015.
  • Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fear; The National Secutity Problem in International Relation. The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Caetano, J. V., & Morgado, J. P. (2019). Portuguese Air Force UAV Development, Certification and Operations in Maritime Environment. Unmanned air vehicles: Technological challenges, concepts of operations and regulatory issues. doi, 10. Center For Systemic Peace. (2016). Global Conflict Trends. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.systemicpeace.org/conflicttrends.html#fig3 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Dvorak, J. (2016). Complexity In Modern War: Examining Hybrid War And Future U.S. Security Challenges. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3029 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Euromaidan. (2017). 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://euromaidanpress.com/2017/09/26/wildfires-as-warfare-in-the-donbas/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Freedman, L. (2014). Ukraine and the art of limited war. Survival, 56(6), 7-38. GDT. (2023). 29.11.2023 tarihinde https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=forest+fire&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ghamry, K. A., Kamel, M. A., & Zhang, Y. (2017, June). Multiple UAVs in forest fire fighting mission using particle swarm optimization. In 2017 International conference on unmanned aircraft systems (ICUAS) (pp. 1404-1409). IEEE.
  • Ghorbanzadeh, O., Valizadeh Kamran, K., Blaschke, T., Aryal, J., Naboureh, A., Einali, J., & Bian, J. (2019). Spatial prediction of wildfire susceptibility using field survey gps data and machine learning approaches. Fire, 2(3), 43.
  • Granter, E., McCann, L., & Boyle, M. (2015). Extreme work/normal work: Intensification, storytelling and hypermediation in the (re) construction of ‘the New Normal’. Organization, 22(4), 443-456.
  • Güngörmez, O., & Alkanat, A. (2019). Çevre terörizmi ve PKK’nın orman sabotajları. Erişim adresi: https://setav. org/assets/uploads/2019/10 A, 2961.
  • Herța, L. M. (2017, June). Hybrid Warfare–A Form of Asymmetric Conflict. In International conference Knowledge-based organization (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 135-143).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars (p. 51). Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
  • Huber, T. M. (2013). Compound warfare. Oregon: University Press of Pacific.
  • Jacobs, J. G., & Martijn, W. K. (2019). Hybrid Warfare. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0260.xml adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jain, P., Coogan, S. C., Subramanian, S. G., Crowley, M., Taylor, S., & Flannigan, M. D. (2020). A review of machine learning applications in wildfire science and management. Environmental Reviews, 28(4), 478-505.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre Terörizmi Kapsamında PKK Terör Örgütünün Orman Yakma Stratejisi Ve Sabotaj Yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), 37-54.
  • Lawson, S. T. (2013). Nonlinear Science and Warfare: Chaos, complexity and the US military in the information age. Routledge.
  • Liang, Q., & Xiangsui, W. (2015). Unrestricted warfare. Vermont: Echo Point Books&Media. Lind, W. S., Nightengale, K., Schmitt, J. F., Sutton, J. W., & Wilson, G. I. (2001). The changing face of war: into the fourth generation. Marine corps gazette, 85(11), 65-68.
  • Kaldor, M. (2007). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, California: Stanford University Press. Kaneberg, E. (2018). Emergency preparedness management and civil defence in Sweden: An all-hazards approach for developed countries' supply chains (Doctoral dissertation, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School).
  • Kaneberg, E., Hertz, S., & Jensen, L. M. (2016). Emergency preparedness planning in developed countries: the Swedish case. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(2), 145-172.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre Terörizmi Kapsamında Pkk Terör Örgütünün Orman Yakma Stratejisi ve Sabotaj Yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), 37-54.
  • Kaypak, Ş. (2012). Güvenlikte yeni bir boyut; çevresel güvenlik. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1-22.
  • Kim, S. J., Lim, C. H., Kim, G. S., Lee, J., Geiger, T., Rahmati, O., ... & Lee, W. K. (2019). Multi-temporal analysis of forest fire probability using socio-economic and environmental variables. Remote Sensing, 11(1), 86.
  • Kofman, M., & Rojansky, M. (2015). A closer look at Russia's' hybrid war'. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
  • Kovrigina, A. (2022). 29.11.2023 tarihinde https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/05/11/8-killed-in-critical-siberia-wildfires-a77633 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Kuntz, J. C. (2021). Resilience in times of global pandemic: Steering recovery and thriving trajectories. Applied Psychology= Psychologie Appliquee, 70(1), 188.
  • Maraş, E. E., Dönmez, K., & Emecen, Y. (2023). GIS-Based Determination of the Optimal Heliport and Water Source Locations for Forest Fire Suppression Using Multi-Objective Programming. Aerospace, 10(3), 305.
  • Meddour-Sahar, O., Meddour, R., Leone, V., Lovreglio, R., & Derridj, A. (2013). Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(5), 247.
  • Miller, S. E. (2001). International security at twenty-five: from one world to another. International Security, 5-39. Murray, W., & Mansoor, P. R. (Eds.). (2012). Hybrid warfare: fighting complex opponents from the ancient world to the present. Cambridge University Press.
  • NMS. (2015). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2015. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/2015_National_Military_Strategy.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • OGM. (2022). Ormancılık İstatistikleri 2022, 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler adresinden alınmıştır.
  • OGM. (2023). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2022 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, 09.10.2023 tarihinde https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/faaliyet-raporu adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ozkan, O. (2021). Optimization of the distance-constrained multi-based multi-UAV routing problem with simulated annealing and local search-based matheuristic to detect forest fires: The case of Turkey. Applied Soft Computing, 113, 108015.
  • Pappis, C. P., & Rachaniotis, N. P. (2010). Scheduling a single fire fighting resource with deteriorating fire suppression times and set-up times. Operational Research, 10, 27-42.
  • Persoff, J., Ornoff, D., & Little, C. (2018). The role of hospital medicine in emergency preparedness: a framework for hospitalist leadership in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Journal of hospital medicine, 13(10), 713-718.
  • Reuters. (2017). 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.newsweek.com/portugal-deadliest-forest-fire-626991 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sakellariou, S., Tampekis, S., Samara, F., Sfougaris, A., & Christopoulou, O. (2017). Review of state-of-the-art decision support systems (DSSs) for prevention and suppression of forest fires. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(6), 1107-1117.
  • Sandıklı, A., & Emeklier, B. (2012). Güvenlik Yaklaşımlarında Değişim ve Dönüşüm. Sandıklı (eds.), Teoriler Işığında Güvenlik, Savaş, Barış ve Çatışma Çözümleri, İsanbul: Bilsam Yayınları, 3, 70.
  • Spadaro, P. A. (2020). Climate change, environmental terrorism, eco-terrorism and emerging threats. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(4), 58-80.
  • Steder, F. B. (2016). Introduction: The theory, history, and current state of hybrid warfare. Countering Hybrid Warfare: The best uses of SOF in a pre-Article V scenario. CTX, 6(4), 7-18.
  • Su, Z., Hu, H., Wang, G., Ma, Y., Yang, X., & Guo, F. (2018). Using GIS and Random Forests to identify fire drivers in a forest city, Yichun, China. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 9(1), 1207-1229.
  • Şahin, G., & Eygün, M. E. (2023). Hibrit Tehditler Kapsamında Türkiye’nin Kritik Altyapı Güvenliği: Petrol ve Doğalgaz Boru Hatları. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Şahin, G. & Mercimek, A.(2022). Savaşın Değişen Karakteri Bağlamında Hibrit Tehditler ve Askeri Eğitim. Hibrit Tehditler ve Millî Savunma Sempozyumu, 25-26 Ocak, Ankara, 139-154.
  • Şener, B. (2017). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Uluslararası Göç Olgusu ve Ulusal Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-30.
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Forest Fires from the Hybrid Threat Perspective and Turkey's Fighting Policy

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 1 - CUMHURİYETİN YÜZÜNCÜ YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, 35 - 70, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1377722

Öz

Nowadays, traditional wars have been replaced by the hybrid war concept. Hybrid warfare involves a lot of uncertainty regarding hybrid threat actors. Forest areas are shown among hybrid threats as complex terrains. The purpose of this study is to address forest fires from the perspective of hybrid threats, apart from being a complex terrain. Forest fires are a major environmental disaster that can start for different reasons and spread to large areas. Events that have occurred in different geographies of the world in recent years reveal that forest fires are not only a natural event but also can be considered as a hybrid threat. Turkey has been faced with forest fires within the scope of terrorist activities since the 1990s and our country has its share of this threat. In the study, forest fire studies in the literature were examined and evaluated and Turkey's forest fire fighting policies were discussed. In conclusion, it is evaluated that solutions can be sought and the scope can be increased in accordance with the academic literature for the efforts and policies of our country in fighting forest fires.

Kaynakça

  • Akay, A. E., Wing, M. G., Sivrikaya, F., & Sakar, D. (2012). A GIS-based decision support system for determining the shortest and safest route to forest fires: a case study in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 1391-1407.
  • Akay, A., & Aziz, B. (2015, July). GIS-Based forest road network model for forest protection purposes. In 38th Annual COFE Meeting. Engineering solutions for non-industrial private forest operations (pp. 266-281).
  • Bader, B., Suder, G., & Grosse, R. (2020). Terrorism as an external threat factor in global value chains. Thunderbird International Business Review, 62(2), 135-148.
  • Bal, M., Ozpeynirci, O., & Yurt, O. (2019). International cooperation on airborne forest fire-fighting: opportunities for Turkey and Greece. International Journal of Ecology & Development, 34(1), 61-74.
  • Barmpoutis, P., Kastridis, A., Stathaki, T., Yuan, J., Shi, M., & Grammalidis, N. (2023). Suburban Forest Fire Risk Assessment and Forest Surveillance Using 360-Degree Cameras and a Multiscale Deformable Transformer. Remote Sensing, 15(8), 1995.
  • Berkowicz, S. M. (2011). Eco-terrorism/enviro-terrorism: background, prospects, countermeasures. In Environmental security and ecoterrorism (pp. 15-29). Springer Netherlands.
  • Bingöl, O. (2015). Hibrid Savaş, Rusya ve Türkiye. Merkez Strateji Enstitüsü, 29, 2015.
  • Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fear; The National Secutity Problem in International Relation. The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Caetano, J. V., & Morgado, J. P. (2019). Portuguese Air Force UAV Development, Certification and Operations in Maritime Environment. Unmanned air vehicles: Technological challenges, concepts of operations and regulatory issues. doi, 10. Center For Systemic Peace. (2016). Global Conflict Trends. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.systemicpeace.org/conflicttrends.html#fig3 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Dvorak, J. (2016). Complexity In Modern War: Examining Hybrid War And Future U.S. Security Challenges. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3029 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Euromaidan. (2017). 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://euromaidanpress.com/2017/09/26/wildfires-as-warfare-in-the-donbas/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Freedman, L. (2014). Ukraine and the art of limited war. Survival, 56(6), 7-38. GDT. (2023). 29.11.2023 tarihinde https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=forest+fire&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ghamry, K. A., Kamel, M. A., & Zhang, Y. (2017, June). Multiple UAVs in forest fire fighting mission using particle swarm optimization. In 2017 International conference on unmanned aircraft systems (ICUAS) (pp. 1404-1409). IEEE.
  • Ghorbanzadeh, O., Valizadeh Kamran, K., Blaschke, T., Aryal, J., Naboureh, A., Einali, J., & Bian, J. (2019). Spatial prediction of wildfire susceptibility using field survey gps data and machine learning approaches. Fire, 2(3), 43.
  • Granter, E., McCann, L., & Boyle, M. (2015). Extreme work/normal work: Intensification, storytelling and hypermediation in the (re) construction of ‘the New Normal’. Organization, 22(4), 443-456.
  • Güngörmez, O., & Alkanat, A. (2019). Çevre terörizmi ve PKK’nın orman sabotajları. Erişim adresi: https://setav. org/assets/uploads/2019/10 A, 2961.
  • Herța, L. M. (2017, June). Hybrid Warfare–A Form of Asymmetric Conflict. In International conference Knowledge-based organization (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 135-143).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars (p. 51). Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
  • Huber, T. M. (2013). Compound warfare. Oregon: University Press of Pacific.
  • Jacobs, J. G., & Martijn, W. K. (2019). Hybrid Warfare. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0260.xml adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jain, P., Coogan, S. C., Subramanian, S. G., Crowley, M., Taylor, S., & Flannigan, M. D. (2020). A review of machine learning applications in wildfire science and management. Environmental Reviews, 28(4), 478-505.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre Terörizmi Kapsamında PKK Terör Örgütünün Orman Yakma Stratejisi Ve Sabotaj Yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), 37-54.
  • Lawson, S. T. (2013). Nonlinear Science and Warfare: Chaos, complexity and the US military in the information age. Routledge.
  • Liang, Q., & Xiangsui, W. (2015). Unrestricted warfare. Vermont: Echo Point Books&Media. Lind, W. S., Nightengale, K., Schmitt, J. F., Sutton, J. W., & Wilson, G. I. (2001). The changing face of war: into the fourth generation. Marine corps gazette, 85(11), 65-68.
  • Kaldor, M. (2007). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, California: Stanford University Press. Kaneberg, E. (2018). Emergency preparedness management and civil defence in Sweden: An all-hazards approach for developed countries' supply chains (Doctoral dissertation, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School).
  • Kaneberg, E., Hertz, S., & Jensen, L. M. (2016). Emergency preparedness planning in developed countries: the Swedish case. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(2), 145-172.
  • Karaağaç, Y. (2023). Çevre Terörizmi Kapsamında Pkk Terör Örgütünün Orman Yakma Stratejisi ve Sabotaj Yapılanmaları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), 37-54.
  • Kaypak, Ş. (2012). Güvenlikte yeni bir boyut; çevresel güvenlik. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1-22.
  • Kim, S. J., Lim, C. H., Kim, G. S., Lee, J., Geiger, T., Rahmati, O., ... & Lee, W. K. (2019). Multi-temporal analysis of forest fire probability using socio-economic and environmental variables. Remote Sensing, 11(1), 86.
  • Kofman, M., & Rojansky, M. (2015). A closer look at Russia's' hybrid war'. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
  • Kovrigina, A. (2022). 29.11.2023 tarihinde https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/05/11/8-killed-in-critical-siberia-wildfires-a77633 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Kuntz, J. C. (2021). Resilience in times of global pandemic: Steering recovery and thriving trajectories. Applied Psychology= Psychologie Appliquee, 70(1), 188.
  • Maraş, E. E., Dönmez, K., & Emecen, Y. (2023). GIS-Based Determination of the Optimal Heliport and Water Source Locations for Forest Fire Suppression Using Multi-Objective Programming. Aerospace, 10(3), 305.
  • Meddour-Sahar, O., Meddour, R., Leone, V., Lovreglio, R., & Derridj, A. (2013). Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(5), 247.
  • Miller, S. E. (2001). International security at twenty-five: from one world to another. International Security, 5-39. Murray, W., & Mansoor, P. R. (Eds.). (2012). Hybrid warfare: fighting complex opponents from the ancient world to the present. Cambridge University Press.
  • NMS. (2015). The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2015. 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/2015_National_Military_Strategy.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • OGM. (2022). Ormancılık İstatistikleri 2022, 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler adresinden alınmıştır.
  • OGM. (2023). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2022 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, 09.10.2023 tarihinde https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/faaliyet-raporu adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ozkan, O. (2021). Optimization of the distance-constrained multi-based multi-UAV routing problem with simulated annealing and local search-based matheuristic to detect forest fires: The case of Turkey. Applied Soft Computing, 113, 108015.
  • Pappis, C. P., & Rachaniotis, N. P. (2010). Scheduling a single fire fighting resource with deteriorating fire suppression times and set-up times. Operational Research, 10, 27-42.
  • Persoff, J., Ornoff, D., & Little, C. (2018). The role of hospital medicine in emergency preparedness: a framework for hospitalist leadership in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Journal of hospital medicine, 13(10), 713-718.
  • Reuters. (2017). 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.newsweek.com/portugal-deadliest-forest-fire-626991 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sakellariou, S., Tampekis, S., Samara, F., Sfougaris, A., & Christopoulou, O. (2017). Review of state-of-the-art decision support systems (DSSs) for prevention and suppression of forest fires. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(6), 1107-1117.
  • Sandıklı, A., & Emeklier, B. (2012). Güvenlik Yaklaşımlarında Değişim ve Dönüşüm. Sandıklı (eds.), Teoriler Işığında Güvenlik, Savaş, Barış ve Çatışma Çözümleri, İsanbul: Bilsam Yayınları, 3, 70.
  • Spadaro, P. A. (2020). Climate change, environmental terrorism, eco-terrorism and emerging threats. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(4), 58-80.
  • Steder, F. B. (2016). Introduction: The theory, history, and current state of hybrid warfare. Countering Hybrid Warfare: The best uses of SOF in a pre-Article V scenario. CTX, 6(4), 7-18.
  • Su, Z., Hu, H., Wang, G., Ma, Y., Yang, X., & Guo, F. (2018). Using GIS and Random Forests to identify fire drivers in a forest city, Yichun, China. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 9(1), 1207-1229.
  • Şahin, G., & Eygün, M. E. (2023). Hibrit Tehditler Kapsamında Türkiye’nin Kritik Altyapı Güvenliği: Petrol ve Doğalgaz Boru Hatları. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Şahin, G. & Mercimek, A.(2022). Savaşın Değişen Karakteri Bağlamında Hibrit Tehditler ve Askeri Eğitim. Hibrit Tehditler ve Millî Savunma Sempozyumu, 25-26 Ocak, Ankara, 139-154.
  • Şener, B. (2017). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Uluslararası Göç Olgusu ve Ulusal Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-30.
  • Tarımorman (2022). 09.10.2023 tarihinde https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/5661/Ogm-Ilk-T70-Yangin-Sondurme-Helikopterini-Teslim-Aldi adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Temiz, N., & Tecim, V. (2009). The use of GIS and multi-criteria decision-making as a decision tool in forestry. OR Insight, 22(2), 105-123.
  • UkraineAlert. (2020). 28.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/unprepared-ukraine-must-learn-from-chornobyl-fires/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Walker, R. G. (1998). Spec fi: the United States Marine Corps and special operations (Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School).
  • Yenal, S. (2020). Savaş Kavramının Dönüşümü: 1. ve 2. Körfez Savaşı Örneğinde Hibrit Savaşların İncelenmesi. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi, 30(1), 85-110.
  • Zapolskis, M. (2012). 1999 and 2010 NATO Strategic Concepts: A Comparative Analysis. Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, 10(1).
  • Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Ai, J. (2018, August). Intelligent path planning and following for UAVs in forest surveillance and fire fighting missions. In 2018 IEEE CSAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (CGNCC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Savunma Çalışmaları, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Terörizm
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hakan Ayhan Dağıstanlı 0000-0003-2205-183X

Cevriye Gencer 0000-0002-3373-8306

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 14 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 1 - CUMHURİYETİN YÜZÜNCÜ YILI ÖZEL SAYISI

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağıstanlı, H. A., & Gencer, C. (2023). Hibrit Tehdit Perspektifinden Orman Yangınları ve Türkiye’nin Mücadele Politikası. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi(1), 35-70. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1377722