Examining an Informally Developed Housing Environment in terms of Active Public Participation of Children
Öz
Children's participation in urban spaces has been withdrawn due to the effect of globalization specifically in metropolitan cities. Today, in Istanbul, the opportunity for free participation of children in the public domain and the privilege of walking to school is among informal housing settlements. However, these children lack adequate supervision and security. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that urban strategies that can be implemented for the physical improvement of these environments can be a tactic that will not only support the child's safe participation in the public sphere but also support children’s walkability to school. The walkability potentials of the street network were revealed through syntactic graphs of Nisantepe neighbourhood where children predominantly walk to school. As a result, it was revealed that the street in the north-eastern part of the region is the one with the highest connectivity value towards the area where Nisantepe Primary and Secondary School are located. It was noticed that this region also emerged as the highest value of global integration, R3, R5 and R7 local integration values. In the agent analysis, it was revealed that the newly formed street network in Nisantepe supports the potential to support the walkability of the school route.
Anahtar Kelimeler
child's play informal housing settlements outdoor play sustainability walkability space syntax çocuk ve oyun
Kaynakça
- Akpınar, İ.Y, Kahvecioğlu, N. P., (2007). Küresel İstanbul’un Mekansallaşması: “Kap(ı/a)lı özel Siteler”, IAPS-CSBE Network Kültür ve Mekan Toplantıları, Birinci Ulusal Sempozyum,14-16 Aralık 2007, IAPS-CSBE Network Kitap Serisi:7, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul, pp. 168-175.
- Arefi, M. (2011). Order in informal settlements: A case study of Pinar, Istanbul. Built Environment, 37(1), 42-56.
- Ayata, S., Ayata, A. G. (1996). Konut, Komşuluk ve Kent Kültürü, Gecekonduda Konut ve Komşuluk Konusu, Konut Araştırmaları Dizisi: 10, 1996. In Sosyo-Kültürel ve Mekansal Boyutlarıyla Gecekondu Transformasyonu Olgusu, Dülgeroğlu, Y., Aksoy, M. (Eds.), 1996, İTÜ Araştırma Fonu Proje No: 791, Cilt 2.
- Bafna, S. (2003). Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and behavior, 35(1), 17-29.
- Bahadir, O. (2020). ‘Bilinmeyen Sokak, Nişantepe, Çekmeköy’. (Unknown Street, Nisantepe, Cekmekoy) [in Turkish], Retrieved from: https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/bilinmeyen-sokak/ in February 13th, 2022.
- Cansever, T. (1994). Ev ve şehir üzerine düşünceler. İnsan Publications: Istanbul.
- Chawla, L. (1991). Homes for Children in a Changing Society, Zube, E., Moore, G.T. (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior and Design, Volume 3, Plenum Press: New York and London.
- David, T. G., & Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.) (2013). Spaces for children: The built environment and child development. Springer Science & Business Media, Boston, MA.
- Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums. Verso: UK
- DepthMap Software, UCL Space Syntax Laboratory [Computer Software] (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.spacesyntax.online/software-and-manuals/depthmap/
- Doctoroff, S. (2001). Adapting the physical environment to meet the needs of all young children for play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(2), 105-109.
- Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Yamu, C. (2020). A walkability assessment tool coupling multi-criteria analysis and space syntax: The case study of Iglesias, Italy. European Planning Studies, 1-23.
- Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: using public space. Livet mellem husene (Original work published 1936) [In Danish], (J. Koch, Trans) Island Press: Washington, USA.
- Google Earth (2022). Nisantepe aerial map. Retrieved from https://earth.google.com/web/ in February 13th, 2022.
- Hillier, B. & Hanson, J. (1984). The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hillier, B. (2007). Cities as movement economies. In Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture. Space Syntax. pp.111-137.
- Hillier, B., A. Turner, T. Yang and H. T. Park. (2007). Metric and topo-geometric properties of urban street networks. In Proceedings Space Syntax. 6th International Symposium, Istanbul, 2007, A. S. Kubat (Ed.).
- Işık, O., & Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2012). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk: Gecekondulaşma ve kent yoksulları: Sultanbeyli örneği. İletişim: Istanbul.
- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Department of Transportation (2021). Istanbul Transportation Master Plan Performance Monitoring Household Survey 2012. Retrieved from: https://data.ibb.gov.tr/tr/dataset/6cefaa5b-bd1b-4e98-a27e-94ddac1ecd2b/resource/1fa02d91-f794-4560-8754-00b635c8efe1/download/istanbul-ulam-ana-plan-hanehalk-aratrmas.pdf on January 25th, 2022.
- Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, USA: Random Books.
- Klarqvist, B. (1993). A space syntax glossary. Nordisk Arkitekturforskning, 2, pp. 11-12.
- Koohsari, M. J., Oka, K., Owen, N., & Sugiyama, T. (2019). Natural movement: A space syntax theory linking urban form and function with walking for transport. Health & place, 58, 102072.
- Kubat, A. S., Özbil, A., Özer, Ö., & Ekinoğlu, H. (2012, January). The effect of built space on wayfinding in urban environments: a study of the historical peninsula in Istanbul. In Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium.
- Lewin K. 1951. “Formalization and progress in psychology”. Field theory in social science. Editor: Cartwright D. New York: Harper.
- Michail, N., Ozbil, A., Parnell, R., & Wilkie, S. (2021). Children’s Experiences of Their Journey to School: Integrating Behaviour Change Frameworks to Inform the Role of the Built Environment in Active School Travel Promotion. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4992.
- Moore, G. T. (1979). Architecture and human behavior: The place of environment-behavior studies in architecture. Wisconsin Architect, 18-21.
- Ozbil, A., & Peponis, J. (2007). Modeling street connectivity and pedestrian movement according to standard GIS street network representations. In 6th International Space Syntax Symposium.
- Ozbil, A., Peponis, J., & Stone, B. (2011). Understanding the link between street connectivity, land use and pedestrian flows. Urban Design International, 16(2), 125-141.
- Ozbil, A., Yesiltepe, D., Argin, G., Rybarczyk, G. (2021). Children’s Active School Travel: Examining the Combined Perceived and Objective Built-Environment Factors from Space Syntax. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 18, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010286
- Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., (1967). The Child’s Conception of Space, New York, USA: The Norton Library. Senyapili, T. (1986). On physical aspects of squatters in Turkey. Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 7(2), 143-170.
- Senyapili, T. (2004). Charting the 'voyage' of squatter housing in urban spatial 'quadruped'. European Journal of Turkish Studies. http://ejts.revues.org/index.html.
- Türkdoğan, O., 2002, Gecekondu, İnsan ve Kültür, Hilal Matbaa: İstanbul.
- URL 1: Neighbourhood information and map, Retrieved from: https://www.cekmekoy.bel.tr/nisantepe-mahallesi/ in February 13th, 2022.
- van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). The need for a textbook on space syntax. In Introduction to space syntax in urban studies, A. van Nes, C. Yamu (Eds.), 2021. Springer Nature, pp. v-x. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3
- Nes, A. V. (2021). Spatial Configurations and walkability potentials. Measuring urban compactness with Space Syntax. Sustainability, 13(11), 5785.
- Open Street Map Foundation (2022). Nişantepe Mahallesi (9679518) Sürüm #3 Çekmeköy, Retireved from: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9679518 in February 20th, 2022.
- Turner, A., Penn, A., 2002. Encoding natural movement as an agent-based system: an investigation into human pedestrian behaviour in the built environment. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29 (4), 473{490.
- Turner, A. (2007). UCL Depthmap 7: From isovist analysis to generic spatial network analysis. New Developments in Space Syntax Software, Istanbul.
- Space Syntax Online Training Platform, Retrieved from: https://www.spacesyntax.online › term › choice in February 24th, 2022.
- Yıldız, D., Tütengil, A., (2007). Küreselleşme Etkisinde Yeni Konut Oluşumları: İstanbul’da Korunaklı Villa Tipi Yerleşimler, IAPS-CSBE Network Kültür ve Mekan Toplantıları, Birinci Ulusal Sempozyum,14-16 Aralık 2007, IAPS-CSBE Network Kitap Serisi:7, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul, pp.51-58.
- Yonder, A. (1987). Informal land and housing markets: the case of Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(2), 213-219.
Öz
Küreselleşmenin etkisiyle özellikle büyükşehirlerde, çocukların kentsel mekandaki aktif katılımları giderek azalmıştır. Çocukların kamusal alana katılma ve okula yürüyerek gidebilme ayrıcalığı, günümüz İstanbul kentinde, ağırlıklı olarak enformel konut yerleşimlerinde rastlanan bir olgudur. Öte yandan, enformel yerleşimlerde yaşayan çocuklar, yeterli gözetim ve güvenlikten yoksundur. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma bu tür enformel konut yerleşimlerinin fiziksel karakteristiğinin iyileştirilmesinin, yalnızca çocuğun kamusal mekana güvenli bir şekilde katılımı konusunda değil, aynı zamanda çocukların okula yürüyebilme imkanlarını destekleyeceği hipotezine dayanmaktadır. Nisantepe Mahallesi'ne ilişkin gerçekleştirilen alan çalışmasında, sokak şebekesinin (street network) yürünebilirlik potansiyeli, mekansal dizim (space syntax) aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bölgenin Nişantepe İlkokulu ve Ortaokulu'nun yer aldığı kuzeydoğusu bölgesinde yer alan sokağın, bölgenin en yüksek bağlantısallığa sahip aksı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, bu bölge aynı zamanda, mahallenin en yüksek bütünleşme, R3, R5 ve R7 lokal bütünleşme değerinin bulunduğu bölge olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen agent analizlerinde de Nişantepe'de yeni yapılandırılan sokağın okula yürünebilirlik potansiyelini desteklediği fark edilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
çocuk ve oyun enformel konut yerleşimleri kamusal alanda oyun sürdürülebilirlik yürünebilirlik mekansal dizim
Kaynakça
- Akpınar, İ.Y, Kahvecioğlu, N. P., (2007). Küresel İstanbul’un Mekansallaşması: “Kap(ı/a)lı özel Siteler”, IAPS-CSBE Network Kültür ve Mekan Toplantıları, Birinci Ulusal Sempozyum,14-16 Aralık 2007, IAPS-CSBE Network Kitap Serisi:7, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul, pp. 168-175.
- Arefi, M. (2011). Order in informal settlements: A case study of Pinar, Istanbul. Built Environment, 37(1), 42-56.
- Ayata, S., Ayata, A. G. (1996). Konut, Komşuluk ve Kent Kültürü, Gecekonduda Konut ve Komşuluk Konusu, Konut Araştırmaları Dizisi: 10, 1996. In Sosyo-Kültürel ve Mekansal Boyutlarıyla Gecekondu Transformasyonu Olgusu, Dülgeroğlu, Y., Aksoy, M. (Eds.), 1996, İTÜ Araştırma Fonu Proje No: 791, Cilt 2.
- Bafna, S. (2003). Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and behavior, 35(1), 17-29.
- Bahadir, O. (2020). ‘Bilinmeyen Sokak, Nişantepe, Çekmeköy’. (Unknown Street, Nisantepe, Cekmekoy) [in Turkish], Retrieved from: https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/bilinmeyen-sokak/ in February 13th, 2022.
- Cansever, T. (1994). Ev ve şehir üzerine düşünceler. İnsan Publications: Istanbul.
- Chawla, L. (1991). Homes for Children in a Changing Society, Zube, E., Moore, G.T. (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior and Design, Volume 3, Plenum Press: New York and London.
- David, T. G., & Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.) (2013). Spaces for children: The built environment and child development. Springer Science & Business Media, Boston, MA.
- Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums. Verso: UK
- DepthMap Software, UCL Space Syntax Laboratory [Computer Software] (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.spacesyntax.online/software-and-manuals/depthmap/
- Doctoroff, S. (2001). Adapting the physical environment to meet the needs of all young children for play. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(2), 105-109.
- Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Yamu, C. (2020). A walkability assessment tool coupling multi-criteria analysis and space syntax: The case study of Iglesias, Italy. European Planning Studies, 1-23.
- Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: using public space. Livet mellem husene (Original work published 1936) [In Danish], (J. Koch, Trans) Island Press: Washington, USA.
- Google Earth (2022). Nisantepe aerial map. Retrieved from https://earth.google.com/web/ in February 13th, 2022.
- Hillier, B. & Hanson, J. (1984). The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hillier, B. (2007). Cities as movement economies. In Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture. Space Syntax. pp.111-137.
- Hillier, B., A. Turner, T. Yang and H. T. Park. (2007). Metric and topo-geometric properties of urban street networks. In Proceedings Space Syntax. 6th International Symposium, Istanbul, 2007, A. S. Kubat (Ed.).
- Işık, O., & Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2012). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk: Gecekondulaşma ve kent yoksulları: Sultanbeyli örneği. İletişim: Istanbul.
- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Department of Transportation (2021). Istanbul Transportation Master Plan Performance Monitoring Household Survey 2012. Retrieved from: https://data.ibb.gov.tr/tr/dataset/6cefaa5b-bd1b-4e98-a27e-94ddac1ecd2b/resource/1fa02d91-f794-4560-8754-00b635c8efe1/download/istanbul-ulam-ana-plan-hanehalk-aratrmas.pdf on January 25th, 2022.
- Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, USA: Random Books.
- Klarqvist, B. (1993). A space syntax glossary. Nordisk Arkitekturforskning, 2, pp. 11-12.
- Koohsari, M. J., Oka, K., Owen, N., & Sugiyama, T. (2019). Natural movement: A space syntax theory linking urban form and function with walking for transport. Health & place, 58, 102072.
- Kubat, A. S., Özbil, A., Özer, Ö., & Ekinoğlu, H. (2012, January). The effect of built space on wayfinding in urban environments: a study of the historical peninsula in Istanbul. In Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium.
- Lewin K. 1951. “Formalization and progress in psychology”. Field theory in social science. Editor: Cartwright D. New York: Harper.
- Michail, N., Ozbil, A., Parnell, R., & Wilkie, S. (2021). Children’s Experiences of Their Journey to School: Integrating Behaviour Change Frameworks to Inform the Role of the Built Environment in Active School Travel Promotion. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4992.
- Moore, G. T. (1979). Architecture and human behavior: The place of environment-behavior studies in architecture. Wisconsin Architect, 18-21.
- Ozbil, A., & Peponis, J. (2007). Modeling street connectivity and pedestrian movement according to standard GIS street network representations. In 6th International Space Syntax Symposium.
- Ozbil, A., Peponis, J., & Stone, B. (2011). Understanding the link between street connectivity, land use and pedestrian flows. Urban Design International, 16(2), 125-141.
- Ozbil, A., Yesiltepe, D., Argin, G., Rybarczyk, G. (2021). Children’s Active School Travel: Examining the Combined Perceived and Objective Built-Environment Factors from Space Syntax. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 18, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010286
- Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., (1967). The Child’s Conception of Space, New York, USA: The Norton Library. Senyapili, T. (1986). On physical aspects of squatters in Turkey. Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 7(2), 143-170.
- Senyapili, T. (2004). Charting the 'voyage' of squatter housing in urban spatial 'quadruped'. European Journal of Turkish Studies. http://ejts.revues.org/index.html.
- Türkdoğan, O., 2002, Gecekondu, İnsan ve Kültür, Hilal Matbaa: İstanbul.
- URL 1: Neighbourhood information and map, Retrieved from: https://www.cekmekoy.bel.tr/nisantepe-mahallesi/ in February 13th, 2022.
- van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). The need for a textbook on space syntax. In Introduction to space syntax in urban studies, A. van Nes, C. Yamu (Eds.), 2021. Springer Nature, pp. v-x. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3
- Nes, A. V. (2021). Spatial Configurations and walkability potentials. Measuring urban compactness with Space Syntax. Sustainability, 13(11), 5785.
- Open Street Map Foundation (2022). Nişantepe Mahallesi (9679518) Sürüm #3 Çekmeköy, Retireved from: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9679518 in February 20th, 2022.
- Turner, A., Penn, A., 2002. Encoding natural movement as an agent-based system: an investigation into human pedestrian behaviour in the built environment. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29 (4), 473{490.
- Turner, A. (2007). UCL Depthmap 7: From isovist analysis to generic spatial network analysis. New Developments in Space Syntax Software, Istanbul.
- Space Syntax Online Training Platform, Retrieved from: https://www.spacesyntax.online › term › choice in February 24th, 2022.
- Yıldız, D., Tütengil, A., (2007). Küreselleşme Etkisinde Yeni Konut Oluşumları: İstanbul’da Korunaklı Villa Tipi Yerleşimler, IAPS-CSBE Network Kültür ve Mekan Toplantıları, Birinci Ulusal Sempozyum,14-16 Aralık 2007, IAPS-CSBE Network Kitap Serisi:7, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul, pp.51-58.
- Yonder, A. (1987). Informal land and housing markets: the case of Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(2), 213-219.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Kentsel Politika |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ağustos 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2 |
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