Öz
Although the use of different building materials in a single construction system is a well-known technology and the design principles of hybridization are similar from the past to the present, they are explained with different concepts in literature, and there is no single comprehensive systematic classification. This study, which is open to development in this respect, classifies hybrid structures whose main material is wood according to hybridization levels and the parts they are used in the building, and each category is evaluated in detail. In determining the measures, parameters affecting the building's performance were taken into account. In the research, secondary data gathered with quantitative approaches were evaluated using a qualitative method. The study aims to create a comprehensive technical guide on wood-based systems and to achieve linguistic unity in the related literature. In this context, the difference between the uses of a single building material and a hybrid system is evaluated with their strengths and weaknesses in the context of factors such as heat, humidity, acoustics, and fire. The hybrid systems presented in the study are modern systems that are frequently applied today and are open to diversification through development.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Wood-based construction hybrid construction technology timber structure
Teşekkür
This study is based on the M.Sc. Thesis of R. Barış titled “Modern Ahşap Hibrit Yapı Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Örnekleri” prepared in Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics, and ethics committee approval is not required for the study.
Kaynakça
- Aklan, S. S. (2021). Yapı-Ahşap-Su. “Ahşap Yapı Tasarımı ve Uygulamaları “seminar series (11). Turkish Timber Association. Online.
- Ali, M. A., Bajzecerova, V., & Kvocak, V. (2017). Design Methods Of Timber-Concrete Composite Ceiling Structure. Инженерно-строительный журнал (5), 88-95.
- American Wood Council. (2021). Calculating the Fire Resistance of Wood Members and Assemblies. Technical Report No. 10.
- Avlar, E. (1995). Türkiye'deki Konut Açığının Giderilebilmesinde Önyapımlı Ahşap Konut Üretiminin Uygulanabilirliği Yönünde Bir Model Araştırması (Bursa Örneği) (Doctoral thesis) . İstanbul.
- Barber, D. (2018). Fire safety of mass timber buildings with CLT in the USA. Wood and Fiber Science, 83-95.
- Barış, R. (2022). Modern Ahşap Hibrit Yapı Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Örnekleri (Master Thesis), Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Bella, A. D. & Mitrovic, M. (2020). Acoustic characteristics of cross-laminated timber systems. Sustainability. 12(14).
- Chang, W. S. (2015). Reinforcement of Timber Columns and Shear Walls. A. M. Harte, & P. Dietsch in Reinforcement of Timber Structures- A state of the art report (p. 39-54).
- CTBUH. (2021). Mjøstårnet. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/mjostarnet/26866 , Access date: 4/9/2022.
- Dickof, C. (2013). CLT Infill Panels In Steel Moment Resisting Frames As A Hybrid Seismic Force Resisting System (Master Thesis). Vancouver, Canada: The University of British Columbia.
- Erchinger, C., Frangi, A. & Fontana, M. (2009). Fire Design of Steel-to-Timber Dowelled Connections. Engineering Structures, 580-589.
- Erkoç, E. (2004). Günümüz Teknolojisiyle Üretilen Ahşap Konutların Tasarım-Uygulama-Kullanım Üçgeninde Değerlendirilmesi (İstanbul Örnekleri) (Master thesis). İstanbul: Yıldız Technical University.
- Fast, T. (2014). Master Thesis. Design Considerations For Mid-Rise Steel Frame Structures Using Wood-Based Flooring Systems. Vancouver: The University Of British Columbia.
- Foster, R., Reynolds, T., & Ramage, M. (2016). Proposal for defining a tall timber building. Journal of Structural Engineering.
- Glass, S. V., & Zelinka, S. L. (2010). Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood. ForestProductsLaboratory in Wood Handbook- Wood as an Engineering Material (p. 4-1,4-19). Madison: Forest Products Laboratory.
- Hein, C. (2014). Structural engineering: Developing hybrid timber construction for sustainable tall buildings. CTBUH Journal, 40-45.
- Hopkin, D., Spearpoint, M., Gorksa, C., Krenn, H., Sleik, T., & Milner, M. (2020). Compliance road-map for the structural fire safety design of mass timber buildings in England. SFPE Europe Q, 4.
- Kaushik, K. (2017). Feasibility Study Of Tall Concrete-Timber Hybrid System (Master Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
- Kinder, E., & Kingsley, G. (2021). Mass Timber Connections Index: Optimal Connection Considerations. WoodWorks.
- Lehmann, S. (2004). Untersuchungen Zur Bewertung Von Verbundbauteilen Aus Brettstapelelementen Im Flächenverbund Mit Mineralischen Deckschichten (Doctoral thesis). Bauhaus-Universität Weimar.
- Létourneau-Gagnon, M., Dagenais, C. & Blanchet, P. (2021). Fire performance of self-tapping screws in tall mass-timber buildings. Applied Sciences, 11(8), 3579.
- Loss, C., Piazza, M. & Zandonini, R. (2015). Connections for steel–timber hybrid prefabricated buildings. Construction and Building Materials.
- Margani, G., Evola, G., Tardo, C., & Marino, A. M. (2020). Energy, Seismic, and Architectural Renovation of RC Framed Buildings With Prefabricated Timber Panels. Sustainability, 12 (12).
- Martins, C., Santos, P., Almeida, P., Godinho, L., & Dias, A. (2015). The acoustic performance of timber and timber- concrete floors. Construction and Building Materials. p. 684-691.
- Neufert, E. (2014). Yapı Tasarımı. 39. Baskıdan Çeviri. Turkish Edition, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım AŞ.
- Okutu, K. A. (2019). CLT-Steel Composite Floors for Sustainable Multi-Storey Construction (Unpublished doctoral thesis). The University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
- Östman, B., Lourenço, P. B., Branco, J. M., Cruz, H. & Nunes, L. (2013). Fire safety in timber buildings. Technical guideline for Europe. SP, 19.
- Pitts, G. (2000). Acoustic Performance of Party Floors And Walls In Timber Framed Buildings. TRADA Technology Limited.
- Salvadori, V. (2021). Multi-Storey Timver-Based Buildings: An International Survey Of Case-Studies with Five or More Storeys Over the Last Twenty Years (Doctoral thesis). Vienna: Technische Universitat Wien.
- Schänzlin, J., Dietsch, P. & Dias, A. (2018). Design Of Timber-Concrete Composite Structures. European Cooperation In Science & Technology. COST FP1402 - from research to standards.
- Schneider, J. (2015). Conventional And Novel Timber Steel Hybrid Connections: Testing, Performance, And Assessment (Doctoral thesis). Okanagan: The University of British Columbia.
- Schober, K.-U. & Tannert, T. (2016). Hybrid connections for timber structures. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 3 (74), 369-377.
- Selle, R., Heiden, B. & Holschemacher, K. (2010). An Alternative Approach For Hybrid Floors Made Of Timber And Concrete (TCCS). The 10th International Conference "Modern Building Materials, Structures And Techniques" (p. 778-786). Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
- Soriano, J., Pellis, B. P. & Mascia, N. T. (2016). Mechanical performance of glued-laminated timber beams symmetrically reinforced with steel bars. Composite Structures, 200-2007.
- Tokyay, V., (2017). Mimarlık ve Ahşap Yapı İlişkileri. İstanbul: Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
- Winter, W., Tavoussi, K., Parada, F. R. & Bradley, A. (2016). Timber Steel Hybrid Beams for Multi-Storey Buildings: Final Report. WCTE 2016. Vienna.
Öz
Yapı malzemelerinin tek bir yapım sistemi bütününde bir arada kullanılması yeni bir teknoloji olmamasıyla beraber ve geçmişten günümüze hibritleşme tasarım prensipleri benzer olsa da, literatürde farklı kavramlar ile açıklanmakta ve kapsayıcı bir sistemli sınıflandırması bulunmamaktadır. Gelişime bu yönüyle açık olan bu çalışmada ana yapı malzemesi ahşap olan hibrit sistemler, yapıda bulundukları bölümlere ve hibritleşme seviyelerine göre sınıflandırılmış ve her bir kategori detaylı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme ölçütlerinin belirlenmesinde yapının performansını etkileyen parametreler dikkate alınmıştır. Araştırmada, nicel yaklaşımlarla toplanan ikincil veriler nitel bir yöntem kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı ahşap esaslı sistemler konusunda kapsamlı bir teknik kılavuz oluşturmak ve literatürde bu konuyla alakalı bir dil birliği yaratmaktır. Bu bağlamda tek çeşit yapı malzemesi kullanılması ve hibrit bir sistem kullanılması arasındaki fark, güçlü ve zayıf yönleri, ısı, nem, akustik ve yangın gibi etkenler bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada ortaya konan hibrit sistemler günümüzde uygulanmakta olan modern sistemlerdir ve geliştirilerek çeşitlendirilmeye açıktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ahşap esaslı konstrüksiyon hibrit yapı teknolojisi ahşap yapı
Kaynakça
- Aklan, S. S. (2021). Yapı-Ahşap-Su. “Ahşap Yapı Tasarımı ve Uygulamaları “seminar series (11). Turkish Timber Association. Online.
- Ali, M. A., Bajzecerova, V., & Kvocak, V. (2017). Design Methods Of Timber-Concrete Composite Ceiling Structure. Инженерно-строительный журнал (5), 88-95.
- American Wood Council. (2021). Calculating the Fire Resistance of Wood Members and Assemblies. Technical Report No. 10.
- Avlar, E. (1995). Türkiye'deki Konut Açığının Giderilebilmesinde Önyapımlı Ahşap Konut Üretiminin Uygulanabilirliği Yönünde Bir Model Araştırması (Bursa Örneği) (Doctoral thesis) . İstanbul.
- Barber, D. (2018). Fire safety of mass timber buildings with CLT in the USA. Wood and Fiber Science, 83-95.
- Barış, R. (2022). Modern Ahşap Hibrit Yapı Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Örnekleri (Master Thesis), Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Bella, A. D. & Mitrovic, M. (2020). Acoustic characteristics of cross-laminated timber systems. Sustainability. 12(14).
- Chang, W. S. (2015). Reinforcement of Timber Columns and Shear Walls. A. M. Harte, & P. Dietsch in Reinforcement of Timber Structures- A state of the art report (p. 39-54).
- CTBUH. (2021). Mjøstårnet. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/mjostarnet/26866 , Access date: 4/9/2022.
- Dickof, C. (2013). CLT Infill Panels In Steel Moment Resisting Frames As A Hybrid Seismic Force Resisting System (Master Thesis). Vancouver, Canada: The University of British Columbia.
- Erchinger, C., Frangi, A. & Fontana, M. (2009). Fire Design of Steel-to-Timber Dowelled Connections. Engineering Structures, 580-589.
- Erkoç, E. (2004). Günümüz Teknolojisiyle Üretilen Ahşap Konutların Tasarım-Uygulama-Kullanım Üçgeninde Değerlendirilmesi (İstanbul Örnekleri) (Master thesis). İstanbul: Yıldız Technical University.
- Fast, T. (2014). Master Thesis. Design Considerations For Mid-Rise Steel Frame Structures Using Wood-Based Flooring Systems. Vancouver: The University Of British Columbia.
- Foster, R., Reynolds, T., & Ramage, M. (2016). Proposal for defining a tall timber building. Journal of Structural Engineering.
- Glass, S. V., & Zelinka, S. L. (2010). Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood. ForestProductsLaboratory in Wood Handbook- Wood as an Engineering Material (p. 4-1,4-19). Madison: Forest Products Laboratory.
- Hein, C. (2014). Structural engineering: Developing hybrid timber construction for sustainable tall buildings. CTBUH Journal, 40-45.
- Hopkin, D., Spearpoint, M., Gorksa, C., Krenn, H., Sleik, T., & Milner, M. (2020). Compliance road-map for the structural fire safety design of mass timber buildings in England. SFPE Europe Q, 4.
- Kaushik, K. (2017). Feasibility Study Of Tall Concrete-Timber Hybrid System (Master Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
- Kinder, E., & Kingsley, G. (2021). Mass Timber Connections Index: Optimal Connection Considerations. WoodWorks.
- Lehmann, S. (2004). Untersuchungen Zur Bewertung Von Verbundbauteilen Aus Brettstapelelementen Im Flächenverbund Mit Mineralischen Deckschichten (Doctoral thesis). Bauhaus-Universität Weimar.
- Létourneau-Gagnon, M., Dagenais, C. & Blanchet, P. (2021). Fire performance of self-tapping screws in tall mass-timber buildings. Applied Sciences, 11(8), 3579.
- Loss, C., Piazza, M. & Zandonini, R. (2015). Connections for steel–timber hybrid prefabricated buildings. Construction and Building Materials.
- Margani, G., Evola, G., Tardo, C., & Marino, A. M. (2020). Energy, Seismic, and Architectural Renovation of RC Framed Buildings With Prefabricated Timber Panels. Sustainability, 12 (12).
- Martins, C., Santos, P., Almeida, P., Godinho, L., & Dias, A. (2015). The acoustic performance of timber and timber- concrete floors. Construction and Building Materials. p. 684-691.
- Neufert, E. (2014). Yapı Tasarımı. 39. Baskıdan Çeviri. Turkish Edition, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım AŞ.
- Okutu, K. A. (2019). CLT-Steel Composite Floors for Sustainable Multi-Storey Construction (Unpublished doctoral thesis). The University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
- Östman, B., Lourenço, P. B., Branco, J. M., Cruz, H. & Nunes, L. (2013). Fire safety in timber buildings. Technical guideline for Europe. SP, 19.
- Pitts, G. (2000). Acoustic Performance of Party Floors And Walls In Timber Framed Buildings. TRADA Technology Limited.
- Salvadori, V. (2021). Multi-Storey Timver-Based Buildings: An International Survey Of Case-Studies with Five or More Storeys Over the Last Twenty Years (Doctoral thesis). Vienna: Technische Universitat Wien.
- Schänzlin, J., Dietsch, P. & Dias, A. (2018). Design Of Timber-Concrete Composite Structures. European Cooperation In Science & Technology. COST FP1402 - from research to standards.
- Schneider, J. (2015). Conventional And Novel Timber Steel Hybrid Connections: Testing, Performance, And Assessment (Doctoral thesis). Okanagan: The University of British Columbia.
- Schober, K.-U. & Tannert, T. (2016). Hybrid connections for timber structures. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 3 (74), 369-377.
- Selle, R., Heiden, B. & Holschemacher, K. (2010). An Alternative Approach For Hybrid Floors Made Of Timber And Concrete (TCCS). The 10th International Conference "Modern Building Materials, Structures And Techniques" (p. 778-786). Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
- Soriano, J., Pellis, B. P. & Mascia, N. T. (2016). Mechanical performance of glued-laminated timber beams symmetrically reinforced with steel bars. Composite Structures, 200-2007.
- Tokyay, V., (2017). Mimarlık ve Ahşap Yapı İlişkileri. İstanbul: Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
- Winter, W., Tavoussi, K., Parada, F. R. & Bradley, A. (2016). Timber Steel Hybrid Beams for Multi-Storey Buildings: Final Report. WCTE 2016. Vienna.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mimarlık |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Ekim 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 - JASA_2023, 8(1) |
